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Climate Change and
Marine Mammals
Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center
And
Mike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Climate Change and
Marine
Mammals
Climate
Change
and Marine
Mammals
Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries
Science Center
And
Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center
Mike Goebel,PhD. NOAA
And Fisheries, Southwest
Fisheries Science Center
Mike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center
Outline
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
Potential Changes in:
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Temperature
Sea level
Sea-ice extent
Salinity
CO2 concentrations and pH
Rainfall patterns
Storm frequency, wind speed and wave
conditions
• Climate patterns
Temperature
Figure 1-3. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007
Rising Sea Levels
Contribution of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sea level. Shown are
sea level change (mm/year, red) and sea level rise (mm, blue). [From M.
Dyurgerov, INSTARR, University of Colorado]
Change in the oceans
Muir Glacier
August 13, 1941
August 31, 2004
Digital media. Image Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center, W. O. Field, B. F.
Molnia. NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2009. Glacier
photograph collection. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data
Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.
Ice cover
Figure 10.14. Multi-model mean sea ice concentration (%) for January to March (JFM)
and June to September (JAS), in the Arctic (top) and Antarctic (bottom) for the periods
(a) 1980 to 2000 and b) 2080 to 2100 for the SRES A1B scenario. The dashed white line
indicates the present-day 15% average sea ice concentration limit. Modified from Flato
et al. (2004).
Projection of Ocean Acidification
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (a)
Global ocean pH (b)
Surface saturation state of aragonite(c)
Figure 10-14 IPCC emission scenarios for
2000-2100.
Source: IPCC, 2007b
Projection of Precipitation
What can we learn from ENSO?
Let’s Pause Two Minutes for
Questions?
Outline
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
Poll Question
How will marine mammals be affected?
A) Prey
B) Distribution, Migration
C) Habitat
D) Reproductive success
E) All of the Above
So, how will marine mammals be
affected?
• Direct
– Habitat
– Temperature
• Indirect effects
NOAA Photo Library
– Prey
– Distribution, Migration
– Community Structure
– Reproductive success
– Disease
Type-B “pack ice killer whale” from the Antarctic.
Bob Pitman, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science
Center
Examples for:
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Temperature
Sea level
Sea-ice extent
Salinity
CO2 concentrations and pH
Rainfall patterns
Storm frequency, wind speed and wave
conditions
• Climate patterns
Responses to climate change
• Move- move to a different area to track
environmental changes
• Change- stay in same place, but change to
match environment- change prey, change
reproductive timing, migratory timing etc.
• Extinction
Changes in temperature
Artwork by Barbara L. Taylor
Changes in temperature
Reproductive success
Changes in temperature
Krill
NOAA photo
NOAA photo
Humboldt squid
Prey
Image courtesy of Islands in the
Stream 2001, NOAA/OER
Changes in sea level
Loss of habitat: haul-out sites for pinnipeds
Changes in sea-ice extent
NOAA image
NOAA image
NOAA image
Photo credit: Siri Hakala
Changes in salinity
Changes in CO2 concentrations and pH
Changes in rainfall patterns
Effects on coastal species
-increased run-off
-possible increase in algal blooms
Changes in storm frequency, wind
speed and wave conditions
Hawaiian monk seal (photo: NOAA)
SWFSC/ NMFS/NOAA
Changes in climate pattern
Shifts in community structure
Let’s Pause Two Minutes for
Questions?
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
Arctic
NOAA photo
NOAA photo
NOAA photo by Mike Cameron.
In the chart below, place the clip art at the end of the species type
(Obligate, Associated, Migrant) in the box under the species it is
describing.
Ice Obligate Species
Ice Associated Species √
@
Seasonally Migrant Species
$
Polar Bear
Harp Seal
Fin Whale
Killer Whale
Narwahl
Walrus
Beluga
Ribbon Seal
From Moore et al., 2008
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
Antarctic
Antarctic fur seals (Photo credit:
M. Goebel)
A female Southern elephant seal Image
courtesy of NOAA/Vents, Korea Polar
Research Institute (KOPRI)
Antarctic
Crabeater seal, Mike Goebel and Dan Costa
Weddell seals (Photo credit: M. Goebel)
Temperate and Tropical waters
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Tropics
Let’s Pause Two Minutes for
Questions?
References
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Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.
Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Draft Report of the Workshop on Whales and Climate Change. SC/61/Rep4. International
Whaling Commission.
Forcada, J., Trathan, P.N., Murphy, E.J. 2008. Life history buffering in Antarctic mammals and
birds against changing patterns of climate and environmental variation. Global Change
Biology 14:2473-2488
Laidre, K.L., Stirling, I., Lowry, L.F., Wiig, O., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P., Ferguson, S. 2998.
Quantifying the sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change.
Ecological Applications 18(2):S97-S125.
Learmonth, J.A., Macleod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.S. 2006.
Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. Oceanography and Marine Biology:
An annual review 44:431-464
Moore, S.E., Huntington, H.P. 2008. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and
resilience. Ecological Applications 18(2):S157-S165
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Change in the oceans
How will marine mammals be affected?
Arctic
Antarctic
Tropics
Online Educational Resources
Online Educational Resources
General Information on Marine Mammals from NOAA Fisheries Service Office
of Protected Resources: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/
Encyclopedia of the Sanctuaries: Visual and print resources on marine
mammals in the National Marine Sanctuaries
http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/onms/park/
Elementary School:
Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears: An online magazine for K-5 teachers
http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/
Contact Information – Molly Harrison – Molly.Harrison@noaa.gov
Middle School Resources
1. Climate Change Wildlife and Wildlands: A Toolkit for Formal and Informal
Educators (http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit)
Pacific Islands and the Hawaiian Monk Seal:
http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/pacific-islands
Polar and Sub Polar Regions and the Pacific Walrus:
http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/polar-subpolar
2. Oceans for Life Resources: Links to videos and lessons plans for SPLASH:
Monitoring Humpback Whales and Biodiversity: Humpback Whales
http://www.ngsednet.org/community/resources_category.cfm?community_id=1
28&category_id=836
Middle to High School Resources
Grades 5-12
Tracking Narwhals in Greenland Expedition:
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/
Includes the following essays:
• Arctic Climate Change and Narwhals:
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/climate/climate.
html
• The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals:
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/biology/biology.
html
Related Lesson Plans for grades 5-12:
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/edu/lessonplan
s.html
Near Real-Time Pacific Marine Animal Tracking through Tagging of Pacific
Pelagics Program: http://las.pfeg.noaa.gov/TOPP/
Thank you to the sponsor of
tonight's Web Seminar:
http://learningcenter.nsta.org
http://www.elluminate.com
National Science Teachers Association
Dr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director
Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
NSTA Web Seminars
Paul Tingler, Director
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator
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