氣候診斷分析 教師:許晃雄、周佳 上課時間:星期一,10:20-12:10 教室:A104 先修課:氣候學(或大氣動力與天氣學) 課程介紹:本課程介紹季節變化/亞洲季風、異常氣候 現象、聖嬰現象與氣候變遷,訓練學生診 斷分析氣候變異的能力 評分方式:課堂口頭報告(30%)、書面報告(40%) 與課堂討論參與程度(30%) 09/13: 課程介紹、熟悉線上氣候分析與資料網站(如, Climate Diagnostics Center,Climate Prediction Center)、 繪圖軟體介紹、學生分組 (許晃雄、周佳) 09/20: 季節變化與亞洲季風分析(周佳) 09/27: 季節變化與亞洲季風分析(學生) 10/04: 季節變化與亞洲季風分析(學生) 10/11: 季節變化與亞洲季風分析(學生) 10/18: 異常氣候個案分析(許晃雄) 10/25: 異常氣候個案分析(學生) 11/01: 異常氣候個案分析(學生) 11/08: 異常氣候個案分析(學生) 11/15: 校慶停課 11/22: 聖嬰現象對天氣與氣候的影響(周佳) 11/29: 聖嬰現象對天氣與氣候的影響(學生) 12/06: 聖嬰現象對天氣與氣候的影響(學生) 12/13: 聖嬰現象對天氣與氣候的影響(學生) 12/20: 氣候變遷分析(許晃雄) 12/27: 氣候變遷分析(學生) 01/03: 氣候變遷分析(學生) 01/10: 氣候變遷分析(學生) (註:視實際狀況調整上課時間) Speaking of climatology in 1978 in an address reported in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (10, 11711174), Professor Kenneth Hare said, ‘… you hardly heard the word professionally in the 1940s. It was a layman’s word. Climatologists were the halt and the lame…in the British service you actually had to be medically disabled in order to get into the climatological division… It was clearly not the age of climate. Now it is. It’s the respectable thing to do… This is obviously the decade in which climate is coming its own.’ 太陽輻射的變動 太空 大氣 地球輻射 大氣生物圈 陸地之間的 交互作用 雲 H2O, N2, O2, CO2, O3等 氣溶膠 生物圈 大氣冰雪 交互作用 熱交換 蒸發降水 風應力 冰雪 大氣成份的變動 海洋冰雪 交互作用 大氣海洋交互作用 海洋 地形、山岳、植物、 反照率等的變化 氣候系統中大氣圈、水圈、冰雪圈、岩石圈及生物圈等各成份間的交互 作用,以及若干影響氣候變化的外在因子(National Academy of Sciences, 1975) 診斷分析過程: 描述現象 確認特徵 討論相關的大氣環流(多重尺度)、 海洋(海溫、洋流等)與 地表(地溫、冰雪、土壤、植被等) 現象間的關係 確認問題 探討可能的機制 已知現象、既有理論、數值模擬、… 提出看法 Tropical Circulation (Trade Wind) Map drawn by Halley(1686) 7 Ferrel, 1856 Thomson, 1857 Hadley, 1735 Dove, 1837 Noted unsteady wind direction bt. SW and NE ‘eddy’! Ferrel, 1859 Maury, 1855 2-cell circulation to accommodate westerly in midlatitude Lorenz, 1967: The nature and theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere. P.59-78 no concept of eddy noted existence of eddy Land surface observation Ship observation 1875 1875 1975 1975 10 Current Meteorological Observation 11 12 13 觀測資料(空間與時間不均勻、 不同步、性質不同) 天氣預報模式同化系統 模式分析資料 (同步、空間與時間均勻) 天氣預報 問題: • 觀測方法與儀器、觀測的空間分佈、模式與同化方法 不斷演進、… 產生不連續性 誤判為氣候變化(變遷) 明顯例子:1970年代衛星開始被大量應用 解決方法: • Reanalysis: Shukla and Bengtsen 1980年代提出 • 用同一個模式與同化系統,使用所有資料,重作逐日 天氣預報,產生一組新的長期資料 • National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 1947-present: NCEP Reanalysis I, II, CFS Reanalysis • European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) 1958-2002 ERA40, ERA Interim (1989- ) • NASA/GSFC, JMA (JRA25) … 其他資料:以衛星資料為主 • 海溫 • 輻射與雲 (ERBE、ISCCP、CERES、…) • 降水 (GPCP、TRMM、CMAP、…) • 懸浮微粒 (MODIS) • 冰雪 • 植被 •… Nature of Climate Data - Global - Long time series (modern and paleo) - Multi-disciplinary: Atmosphere-Hydrosphere-LithosphereCryosphere- Biosphere - Observation and Simulation Tremendous amount of data Data amount increases astronomically … (giga -> tera -> peta bytes) 17 Available Online Map Rooms and Data Library: 1. NOAA/ Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)/Physical Sciences Division - Interactive Plotting and Analysis Pages Long-term climatology Past and near-real time climate condition Basic statistical analysis tool 2. NOAA/National Center for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/ • Global Data Display System: http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/wesley/ http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/cfsr/ 18 3. International Research Institute for Climate and Society http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt Data Library http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/index.html Map rooms http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/index.html 4. TAO Project Office of Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/ Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Data (since 1984) 5. National Climatic Data Center http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html (mostly free of charge) 6. NASA: 12 Distributed Active Archive Centers for NASA satellite and field measurement programs http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/about.html Data are free of charge for download and air shipment. 20 7. British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/home/index.html 8. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts http://www.ecmwf.int/ Map rooms Data for research and education purposes are provided at handling cost. (not cheap!) Some datasets (from research programs) are free of charge. Most widely used data: ECMWF re-analysis (ERA40, 1957/92002/8) on coarser spatial resolution (2.5 by 2.5 degree) http://data-portal.ecmwf.int/data/d/era40_daily/ , Interim (1989- ), YOTC (2008/5-2010/4) 21 8. 大氣研究資料庫 http://dbar.as.ntu.edu.tw/ 氣象局資料 NCEP reanalysis ERA40 Reanalysis OLR Ocean data … 9. 詢問「氣候動力實驗室」 Climate Projection Data 1. IPCC climate simulation and projection data: WCRP CMIP3 Multi-Model Dataset Archive available at PCMDI (Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)/the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/ipcc/about_ipcc.php Time series of 3-D daily (or higher temporal resolution) are difficult to get. Many different kinds of simulation Tremendous data amount ftp download – take times 2. Simulation data from Individual centers National Center for Atmospehric Research Hadley Center (or BADC) GFDL/NOAA (Princeton University) ... 23 Other Slides 百葉箱 圖2-3左圖為無線電探空儀及氣球,右圖表示利用方 向角及高度位置追蹤氣球的位置。 Zero-pressure or Super Pressure Balloon IRIDIUM LEO Satellite 16.5~19.5km (50000~60000 feet) MIST (400g) Sondes Commanded for Release NORTH AMERICA ~5 8, 0 50 - 100 ft 00 mb Gondola (20 to 50 sonde capacity) ATLANTIC OCEAN EUROPE Driftsonde Flight Train CNES 12 meter Super Pressure Balloon (13kg Helium) 15 meters Total payload weight 42 kg Pressure- Temperature Sensors & Gas Relief valve Parachute Radar Reflector ~ 15 meters CNES Payload Aircraft Transponder/Strobe Light Driftsonde Gondola (21kg) Temperature Sensors 細節http://raf.atd.ucar.edu/Aircraft/electra.html 氣象飛機 Dropsonde The Global Ocean Observing System Data Buoy Cooperation Panel > 1250 Drifters The Drifting Buoy network has achieved its initial target, Improving, sustaining and maintaining remains a challenge drifter 衛星的軌道 衛星通過位置 同步衛星軌道涵蓋範圍 TRMM (ppt) EOS-Terra QuikSCAT (Sea wind) Landsat-7 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/MissionControl/# 吳奇樺