WOOD 120
“Topics in Forestry”
1
Global Distribution of Forests
www.iisd.org/wcfsd/currentforests.png
2
Softwoods
Hardwoods
• Gymnosperms
• Evergreen
• Coniferous
• Angiosperms
• Deciduous
• Non-Coniferous
(www.agpix.com)
(Ellis)
3
(Côté)
(BC Wood Specialties)
(http://woodcrafterplus.com)
(Côté)
Global Distribution of Forests
18%
21%
7%
25%
17%
12%
www.iisd.org/wcfsd/currentforests.png
4
Forest Harvest (Global)
• Subsistence (Domestic Survival)
• Non-subsistence (Industrial)
5
Forested Lands in Canada
6
Biogeoclimatic Zones of BC
7
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range)
British Columbia - Forest Regions
Northern Interior
Southern Interior
Coast
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range, 2003)
8
“Forest”
“A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a
more or less dense and extensive tree cover,
often consisting of stands varying in species
composition, structure, age class, and
associated processes, and commonly
including meadows, streams, fish and
wildlife.”
(Society of American Foresters, 1998)
9
Land types in British Columbia
1% 5%
12%
48%
Forested land
Non-forested land
Protected areas
Other Federal land
Private land
34%
(BC Ministry of Forest and Range, 2003) 10
Forest Land Ownership
Federal
Provincial
Private
BC
1%
96%
3%
Canada
14%
78%
8%
USA
37%
63%
(Canadian Forest Service, 2001)
11
Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
The “Politics” of Canadian Forests
• Federal
Ministry of Natural Resources
• Provincial Ministry of Forests, Lands and
Natural Resource Operations
• Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM)
• Canadian Forest Service
“To promote the sustainable development of Canada's
forests and competitiveness of the Canadian forest
sector for the well-being of present and future
generations of Canadians.” (Natural Resources Canada, 2005)
13
Examples of Associations and NGOs
• Council of Forest Industries (COFI)
• Truck Loggers Association (TLA)
• Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC)
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
• Greenpeace Canada
• Sierra Club of BC
14
Canada’s Balance of Trade (2012)
(Statistics Canada)
15
Canada’s Balance of Trade (2004-2012)
$, Billion
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
Agriculture & fishing
Energy
Forest Products
Industrial goods
Machinery & equipment
Automotive products
Other
-60
(Statistics Canada, 2013)
16
Some BC Forest Facts
• In 2011, forest products made up 30 percent of all B.C.
exports, with a value of roughly $9.95 billion a year.
• Forestry is the number-one industry in BC’s northern
interior region producing more than one fifth of Canada’s
softwood lumber each year.
• Direct employment in the forest industry in 2010
averaged 55,500 positions, representing 2.5 percent of
total provincial employment.
• Half of softwood produced in Canada comes from BC
(52.5% in 2010)
(Council of Forest Industries, 2011)
17
BC Commercial Timbers
Softwoods (94%)
• Lodgepole pine
• Spruce
• Hemlock
• Balsam fir
• Western red cedar
• Yellow cedar
• Douglas-fir
• Ponderosa pine
• Larch
• White pine
•
•
•
•
•
Hardwoods (6%)
Aspen
Red alder
Western white birch
Bigleaf maple
(Council of Forest Industries, 2000)
18
Timber volume in BC’s forests by species
19
Forest Fires in BC
(Vancouver Province)
(Top News)
21
# of fires
1333
1673
2473
3064
2394
2570
1659
976
1783
1606
2023
655
1706
22
Mountain Pine Beetle
(Natural Resources Canada)
Mountain Pine Beetle
25
Mountain Pine Beetle
(Natural Resources Canada)
Mountain Pine Beetle
Innovation Canada
NRCan
Blue-Stained Pine
www.designsbyjessica.ca
www.painterforum.com
28
Total Area Affected by Mountain Pine Beetle
in Western Canada
Mountain Pine Beetle spread in BC
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range)
Mountain Pine Beetle spread in BC
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range)
Mountain Pine Beetle spread in BC
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range)
Mountain Pine Beetle spread in BC
(BC Ministry of Forests and Range)
First Nations
• Tsilhqot-in First Nation granted title to
more than 1,700 km2 of land in BC.
• Land covered is greater than traditional
reserve.
• Impact on current and future natural
resource development (forestry, mines) is
uncertain.
Global Economic Downturn
• Real estate “bubble”
• Over optimism (real estate, stocks, etc.)
• Sub-prime mortgages → defaults
• Single family housing starts (USA)
2005 = 2.0 million; 2009 ≈ 0.5 million
• Home inventories (USA)
2006 = 5 million; 2009 = 10 million
• Demand for Canadian lumber ↓↓↓
36
US Housing Starts and Lumber Prices
37
BC Interior Lumber Production
38