KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of Animals
Picasso time!
3 minutes!
Draw the first thing that
comes to mind when you hear
the word…….
ANIMAL
Picasso time!
How many of you drew a familiar animal
such as a dog , cat or horse?
How many drew a wild animal?
How many drew more than one type of
animal?
Did anyone draw something that shows
the general characteristics of an animal,
rather than a specific animal?
Picasso time!
If you knew nothing about
animals, what would you
conclude about animals based
on these drawings?
Animalia
General Characteristics
All animals are eukaryotic and
multicellular
All animal cells do not have cell walls
All animals are heterotrophic:
-
They are unable to obtain energy directly from the sun and must
therefore obtain food and energy from other Heterotrophic or
Autotrophic organisms
To survive Animals
must:
• Feed to gain nutrients
• Respire to use oxygen
• Have an internal transport for o2,
•
•
•
•
nutrients, and waste
Excrete their wastes
Respond to their environment
Move (actually some are sessile!)
Reproduce
How would you group
animals?
Frog, horse, shark, snake, jellyfish, shrimp,
lobster, octopus, snail, sea star, eagle, cricket,
crab, salmon, dolphin, monkey, earthworm,
tapeworm, butterfly, moose, iguana, turtle, bat,
eel, squid, bumble bee, sea urchin, leech,
earthworm, tarantula spider, oyster, clam
What are the Unifying
Characteristics of each group
you have made?
Animal Cell Diagram
Animal Species
Somewhere around 9 or 10
million species of animals
inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have
been identified.
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animal Phyla
Biologists recognize about 36
separate phyla within the
Kingdom Animalia.
We will look at 9 phyla:
8 invertebrate phyla
Major Animal Phyla
Mollusca
5%
Arthropoda
87%
Other
12%
Chordata
2%
Cnidaria
1%
Platyhelminthes
1%
Nematoda
1%
Annelida
1%
Porifera
1%
Echinodermata
1%
Animal Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Level of Organization (Tissues)
Type of Body Plan
Type of Symmetry
Type of Coelom
Segmentation
Embryological Development
1. Level of Organization
All living organisms can
demonstrate different levels of
organization:
Atoms,
Molecules,
Cells,
Tissues,
Organs,
Organ Systems,
Organisms.
1. Level of Organization
Cellular level:
- No tissues present, just cells
Tissue level:
- Has tissues but no organs
- Has 2 germ layers
– Endoderm = inner layer of cells
– Ectoderm = outer layer of cells
Organ level:
- Has 3 germ layers
– Endoderm = inner layer of cells
– Ectoderm = outer layer of cells
– Mesoderm = middle layer of cells
TISSUE LAYER
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
ORGAN & ORGAN
SYSTEMS THEY
FORM
Nervous system
Skin
Muscles
Circulatory System
Skeletal System
Reproductive System
Lining of gut and
respiratory tracts
Liver
Pancreas
1. Level of Organization
con’t
The bodies of most animals
(all except sponges) are made
up of cells organized into
tissues.
Each tissue is specialized to
perform specific functions.
In most animals, tissues are
organized into even more
specialized organs.
1. Level of Organization
con’t
a.
b.
c.
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
2. Body Plan
Sac-Like Plan:
- Has an incomplete digestive system with
only one opening which serves the function of
both the mouth and the anus
Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan:
- Has a complete digestive system with
two openings – a mouth for food input and an
anus for waste output
2. Body Plan con’t
a.
b.
Sac-Like Plan
Tube-Within-A-Tube Plan
3. Body Symmetry
How many ways can you divide
a pizza into perfect halves?
3. Body Symmetry con’t
How many ways can you divide
a chair into perfect halves?
3. Body Symmetry con’t
How many ways can you divide
a rock into perfect halves?
3. Body Symmetry con’t
a.
b.
c.
Asymmetrical body
(ex. Rock)
Radial Symmetry
(ex. Pizza)
Bilateral Symmetry
(ex. Chair)
Body Symmetry
Asymmetry (sponge)
Radial symmetry (sea anemone)
Pentaradial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin)
Bilateral symmetry (human, insect)
Body Symmetry
Body symmetry
Animal Symmetry
The most primitive animals are
asymmetrical.
a. Asymmetrical
Ex. The Sponges
Radial Symmetry
…applies to forms that can be
divided into similar halves by
more than two planes passing
through it.
Animals with radial symmetry
are usually sessile (remain in a
fixed place), free-floating, or
weakly swimming.
b. Radial Symmetry
Ex. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins,
Anemone
c. Bilateral Symmetry
Animals with bilateral
symmetry are most well-suited
for directional movement which
makes them motile
Radial vs. Bilateral
Symmetry
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry usually has
led to cephalization—the
process by which sensory
organs and appendages became
localized in the head end of
animals.
4. Type of Coelom
A coelom is an internal body cavity
that develops from the mesoderm
tissue layer during an animal’s
development.
This cavity lies between the gut
and the body wall and is lined by
epithelial cells which make up the
peritoneum.
4. Type of Coelom con’t
1. Acoelomates
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Coelomates
Acoelomate
No Coelom
Pseudocoelomate
Body Cavity (-)
Peritoneum
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Coelomate
Body Cavity (+)
Peritoneum
a. Acoelomates
These animals
have no other
cavity than the
gut.
They are often
called the “solid
worms.”
b. Pseudocoelomates
These animals have a
body cavity (the
pseudocoelom) which
is not completely
lined with mesoderm.
The “tube within a
tube” body plan.
This category is also
composed of mostly
worms.
c. Coelomates
These animals have
a “true coelom”
lined with
mesodermal
peritoneum.
Most animals are
coelomate.
5. Segmentation
Segmentation refers to the
repetition of body parts that
contain similar structures
along the length of the body.
This can lead to specialization
of body parts because various
segments become differentiated
for specific purposes
5. Segmentation con’t
Animal Evolution
We typically study animals in three groups
which reflect their evolutionary history.
A. The Lower Invertebrates
• These phyla demonstrate a fairly linear
evolution (simple biology)
• They include: Porifera, Cnidaria,
Platyhelminthes and Nematodes
Early embryonic
development
The blastopore
becomes….
The mouth in protostomes
The anus in deuterostomes
Animal Evolution
B. The Protostomes
 This is one of two main
branches of animal evolution
• Named this way due to embryo
development
• They include the Annelids,
Molluscs, and Arthropods
Animal Evolution
C. The Deuterostomes
• These are the the animals on
the other great branch of animal
evolution
• Include the Echinoderms and
the Chordates (including us!)
• Represent the most highly
evolved animals
Animals
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
No cell walls
7 “must have” behaviours
Evolutionary advances
Evolutionary “Advances”
effect behaviour
1. Multicellular body plan
2. True tissues (germ layers)
3. Bilaterally symmetrical body plan (vs.
radial, asymmetrical)
4. “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan (vs no
body cavity)
5. Coelomate body plan (vs.
pseudoceolomate)
6. Segmentation (vs. non segmented)
7. Prostostome (vs deuterostome)
The 7 animal “must
have” behaviours:
1. Feed to gain nutrients
2. Respire to use oxygen
3. Have an internal transport for o2,
nutrients, and waste
4. Excrete their wastes
5. Respond to their environment
6. Move (actually some are sessile!)
7. Reproduce
Other terms to know
Ventral - the underside
Dorsal - the back of the animal; the side
opposite the ventral side. The vertebral column
of vertebrates is on the dorsal side of the
animal.
Lateral - toward the side
Median - toward the middle
Anterior - the head end
Posterior - the end opposite the head end
Caudal - toward the tail
Cranial - toward the head
Other terms to know
(continued)
(will not be on a test or quiz, but are useful for labs etc.)
Longitudinal - along a line from the head
to the tail
Transverse - along a line that is 90° to
the longitudinal axis (see above)
Superficial - shallow
Pectoral - toward the forelimbs
Pelvic - toward the rear limbs
Distal - far from
Proximal - near