Crop Protection: Insects, NematodesHow to Put Together an IPM Program
for Your Farm
Norm Leppla
University of Florida, IFAS
Leppla’s Career
University of Arizona- Insect Behavior &
Rearing Research (2 yr)
USDA, ARS- Pest Management &
Biological Control, FL & TX (17 yr)
USDA, APHIS- Methods Development,
Washington DC & International (7 yr)
University of Florida- Administration &
Integrated Pest Management (15 yr)
Collecting Cabbage Loopers
in Hastings, Florida
Introduction
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Topics
What is IPM?
IPM practices and applications
Sources of IPM information
Pesticide use and safety
IPM for potato
IPM topics from producers?
What is IPM?
Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a long-standing, sciencebased decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks
from pests and pest management strategies. It coordinates
information on pest biology, the environment, and available
technology to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the
most economical means, while posing the least risk to people,
property, resources, and the environment. IPM provides an
effective strategy for managing pests from developed agricultural,
residential, and public areas to wild lands. IPM provides an
effective, all encompassing, sustainable approach to protect
natural resources, crops, animals and people from pests. IPM
recommendations are frequently recognized as Best Management
Practices (BMP’s) to manage weeds, disease and insects for
production of food and fiber (USDA National Road Map for
Integrated Pest Management).
What is IPM?
IPM is the coordinated use of pest and
environmental information and available pest
control methods to prevent unacceptable levels
of damage by the most economical means with
the least possible hazard to people, property and
the environment. - EPA.
There is no “Magic bullet“
What Causes Pest
Outbreaks?
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Alien invasive species
Disrupted environments
Pesticide resistance
Local invasions
Perceptions
Others causes?
IPM System
• Pest outbreaks &
INCREASE…
disease epidemics
• Reliability
• Environmental
• Sustainability
contamination
• Human health
Chem
hazards
• Pest mgmt.
Biological Control
costs
• Reduce
risk…
Cultural
Methods
IPM Practices
Generic IPM Program
 Biological knowledge
 Monitoring and inspection
 Act to control pests when necessary
 Choose least-risk options
 Long-term, preventative practices
 Evaluation and records
 Pesticide management
 Continual improvement
Direct Access to IPM Information
• Habitat-specific integrated pest
management guides, fact sheets,
EDIS articles, Featured Creatures, etc.
• Links to specialized websites with pest
management information specific
to a crop or situation
• Key contacts for expert advice on
managing pests
• Additional resources for pest
identification and management,
e.g., diagnostic services
Extension
Guides
Grower’s IPM Guide for Florida
Tomato & Pepper Production
Table of Contents
– Chapter 1- Introduction WHY IPM?
– Chapter 2- Tomato & Pepper Production
– Chapter 3- Soil & Nutrient Management
– Chapter 4- Pest Management
– Chapter 5- Disease Management
– Chapter 6- Weed Management
– Chapter 7- Cultural & Physical Controls
– Chapter 8- Biological Control
– Chapter 9- Chemical Control
Featured Creatures provides in-depth profiles of insects,
nematodes, arachnids and other organisms. The site is a
cooperative venture of the University of Florida's Department
of Entomology and Nematology and the Florida Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Division of Plant
Industry. All articles are official publications of the University
of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Electronic Data Information
Source (EDIS)
The EDIS website is a comprehensive,
single-source repository of all current
UF/IFAS numbered peer-reviewed
publications (about 7,500).
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/
Electronic Data Information
Source (EDIS)
• Agriculture
• Community Development
• Environment
• Families & Consumers
• 4H Youth development
• Lawn & Garden
• Aquaculture
• Crops
• Livestock
• Nursery & GH
• Organic farming
• Agricultural safety
• Small farms
• Turf & sod
Florida Crop/Pest
Management Profile: Potatoes
Mark A. Mossler and Chad Hutchinson
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi030 (Revised 2008)
Webb, S.E. 2007. Insect Management for Potatoes. Entomology and
Nematology Department document ENY-469.
(http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG155)
Noling, J.W. 2005. Nematode Management in Potatoes (Irish or White).
EDIS publication ENY029. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG029)
Roberts, P., Weingartner, P., and Kucharek, T. 2007. 2007 Florida Plant
Disease Management Guide: Potato, Irish. EDIS publication PDMG-V346. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PG053)
Stall, W.M. and Hutchinson, C.M. 2005. Weed Control in Potato. EDIS
publication HS194. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG035)
Pesticide Information
• UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office
• CDMS- ChemSearch
• CDMS- http://www.cdms.net/
• LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx
• EPA- http://www.epa.gov/
• opp00001/regulating/
• registering/data_sources.htm
• Extension Pesticide Applicator Training
FDACS, Division of Agricultural Environmental
Services, Bureau of Pesticides- Online Pesticide
Registration System
Florida Pesticide Product Data
15584 Products Registered
Select and Submit Search Option
Active Ingredient
EPA Registration Number
Site of Application
Product Name
Pest to be Controlled
Company Name
http://www.flpesticide.us/
Pesticide Resistance
Steve Toth
Southern Region IPM Center
Tom Anderson
FMC Corporation
Fred Fishel
UF/IFAS
http://utahpests.usu.edu/ipm/files/uploads/ppt
docs/05sh-pesticides-new.pdf
http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/pesticide_applicator/Insecticide%20Resistance.pdf
IRAC Insecticide Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (Carbamates, Carbaryl; Organophosphates, Malathion)
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists (Cyclodiene organochlorines, chlordane; Phenylpyrazoles, Fipronil)
Sodium channel modulators (Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin; DDT, Methoxychlor, DDT)
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists (Neonicotinoids, Imidacloprid; Nicotine Nicotine; Sulfoxaflor, Sulfoxaflor
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators (Spinosyns, Spinosad)
Chloride channel activators (Avermectins, Abamectin; Milbemycins)
Juvenile hormone mimics (Juvenile hormone analogues, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen)
Miscellaneous nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors (Alky halides, Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride)
Selective homopteran feeding blockers (Pymetrozine, Flonicamid)
Mite growth inhibitors (Clofentezine)
Microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes (Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce;
Bacillus sphaericus)
Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase (Diafenthiuron; Organotin miticides, Azocyclotin)
Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient (Chlorfenapyr; Sulfuramid)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers (Nereistoxin analogues, Bensultap)
Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 (Benzoylureas, Diflubenzuron)
Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 (Buprofezin)
Moulting disruptor, Dipteran (Cyromazine)
Ecdysone receptor agonists (Diacylhydrazines, Tebufenozide)
Octopaminergic receptor agonists (Amitraz)
Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors (Hydramethylnon)
Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors (METI acaricides and insecticides, Fenpyroximate, Rotenone)
Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers (Indoxacarb)
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase - Lipid synthesis, growth regulation (Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives,
Spirotetramat)
Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors (Zinc phosphide, Cyanide)
Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors (Beta-ketonitrile derivatives, Cyenopyrafen)
Vacant
Vacant
Ryanodine receptor modulators (Diamides, Chlorantraniliprole)
(UN) Compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action (Azadirachtin, Azadirachtin; Cryolite, Cryolite)
Whitefly Insecticides
Examples
IRAC
Active Ingredient
Carbamate
Vydate
1A
Restricted
Organophosphate
Monitor
1B
Restricted
Cyclodiene
Thionex
1C
Pyrethroid
Mustang
2
Neonicotinoids
Admire
Provado
4A
Imidacloprid
Actara
Platinum
4A
Thiamethoxam
Venom
Scorpion
4A
Dinotefuran
Assail
4A
Acetamiprid
Coragen,
Verimark*
28
Rynaxypyr,
Cyazypyr
Nerve /Muscle poisons
Contact
Systemic
Diamides
End 2014
Restricted
Restricted
Tolerance
issues
IPM for Potato
Spudman Survey- January 2012
The top three potato varieties:
• Russet Burbank
• Yukon Gold
• Norland
http://spudman.com/downloads/2012_SpudmanSurveyResults.pdf
Our Healthy Grown sustainable
farmers work with ecologists,
conservationists and University of
Wisconsin researchers to utilize and
find better, less-invasive ways to
manage pests and invasive plants.
~and~
Restore natural ecosystems, prevent
erosion, support native plants and
animals, conserve quality water, and
improve potato production.
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Russet
Round White
Round Red
Yellow Flesh
Blue & Purple
IPM Partnerships
Detailed Findings 2004
Purchase intent increased when shoppers heard about the
Healthy Grown concept: 81% of consumers indicated they
were more likely to purchase Healthy Grown after hearing it
was certified environmentally-friendly, WWF endorsed and
“good for you and the environment”
When you purchase potatoes, what do you look for in your selection?
62%
53%
24%
16%
14%
12%
6%
Price
Appearance / Brand name Appealing
Nutrition
Signage on
Quality
packaging or information
the
label
shelf/display
6%
5%
Organic
Coupon
www.perishablesgroup.com
Other
Page 30
Eccounting System
Dis tribution of Tox ic ity Sc ore
f or all 90 Surv ey ed Grow ers in 1998
12
10%
10
8
6
4
S
td .
xxx
2
00
-
-
10
0
0 00
80 5
4 -4
0 00
40 1
4 -4
0 00
00 7
4 -3
0 00
60 3
3 -3
0 00
20 9
3 -2
0 00
80 5
2 -2
0 00
40 1
2 -2
0 00
00 7
2 -1
0 00
60 3
1 -1
0
20 0
1
90
00 00
5
N
x = 9
8
4
0
0
M
ea
xxx
Better
Toxicity Score
Tox Sc ore
Ecological Potato
Standards for 2009
Colorado
Potato
Beetles
Wireworms
Flea Beetles
Leafhoppers
Aphids
Caterpillars
Late Blight
Early Blight
Corky Ringspot Virus
Rhizoctonia Stem Rot
and Black Scurf
Black Leg
Root-knot
nematode
http://protectedharvest.org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2009/08/Healthy-GrownPotato-Standard_01_09.pdf
Pest Management Decisions
(14 points)
Pesticides (avoided-always)
Strategy (IPM-pesticides only)
Certified applicator (yes-no)
Equipment calibrated (yes-no)
Drift management plan (yes-no)
Field Management Decisions
(43 points)
Planting (4+ year rotation-no rotation
Distance (>1/2-mile - <1/4-mile
Planting (certified seed)
Planting (consulted seed producer)
Remote sensing (photography
Remote sensing (satellite)
Enhance biodiversity (buffers, windbreaks)
Harvest (soil temperature >45oF)
Storage (no damaged potatoes)
Scouting (61 Points)
1A-Method (observations-structured)
1B-Training (employee-crop advisor)
1C-Additional Scouting (employee-crop advisor)
1D-Frequency (emergence-harvest
1E-Purpose (monitor-reach threshold)
1F-Records (none-data analysis)
1G- Bonus (geo-referencing)
Insect Management (64 points)
Management prior to planting
Bonus- Use beneficial insects
IPM practices during the growing season
Bonus- manage habitat
Colorado potato beetle managed
Potato leafhoppers managed
Aphids managed
6. Insect Management Section
6A. Which of the following practices did you use to manage
insects prior to planting this year’s crop? (check all that apply)
•
Culturally manage a potato insect pest (e.g. wireworm,
European corn borer) in the crop planted prior to potatoes in
this field. = 1 point
•
•
Select resistant or tolerant varieties. = 1 point
•
Avoid using similar chemical control tactics (e.g. systemics)
on fields adjacent to the previous year's potatoes for a
resistance management practice. = 2 points
Avoid planting potatoes on fields adjacent to previous year's
potatoes. = 3 points
6. Insect Management Section
6C. Which of the following practices did you use to manage insects during the
growing season: (check all that apply)
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•
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•
•
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Adjust the planting date of the potatoes on this field in order to avoid insect
problems. = 2 points
Select an insecticide based on preserving natural enemies. = 3 points
Manage the health of the crop to enhance its ability to with stand a degree of
pest pressure. = 1 point
Plant trap crops (e.g. field edges) or use physical barriers (e.g., plastic-lined
trenches) along field borders to slow the migration of Colorado potato beetles
into this field. = 3 points
Use a fall trap crop (e.g. a strip of potatoes that are not vinekilled) to concentrate
beetles for more efficient control of overwintering beetles. = 3 points
Avoid spraying for insects just before vinekill or harvest. = 1 point
Scout potatoes for insect pests at least weekly throughout the growing season in
a systematic pattern. = 2 points
Keep field records on the density of each insect pest for long-term comparisons.
= 2 points
Rotate chemistry families of insecticides specifically to avoid the emergence of
resistance. = 3 point
Pesticide Use Lists
Toxicity Units
Application rate X toxicity value = toxicity units
Toxicity Factors have four components: (1) acute mammalian toxicity, (2) chronic
mammalian toxicity, (3) ecotoxicity, (4) impacts on beneficial organisms.
Total toxicity units = all compounds sprayed during the growing season
Maximum toxicity units:
SS = 800 toxicity units per acre for the season.
LS = 1200 toxicity units per acre for the season.
Potential Threats to IPM
Systems
 Loss of pesticides
 Offshore competition
 Damaging weather
 Population Growth
 Environmentalism
 Government “assistance”
Potential Threats to IPM
Systems

Food borne illnesses
 Land availability and use
 Labor and immigration
 Water quality and quantity
 Higher operating costs (fuel)
 New plant pests and diseases
IPM Florida provides statewide, interdisciplinary
and inter-unit coordination and assistance for
UF/IFAS integrated pest management research
Extension and education faculty
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu