CSDMS
C-FRG
The State of the Art in Carbonate
Numerical Stratigraphic Forward
Modelling
Peter Burgess
Dept. Earth Sciences,
Royal Holloway University of London, UK
With contributions from Chris Jenkins, Donald Potts, Rick Sarg and
Dave Budd
CSDMS
C-FRG
CARBONATE FOCUSED RESEARCH GROUP
Group aim:
• To identify and address grand challenges for fundamental
research on ancient and recent carbonate systems
To be achieved by:
• Creation of next generation of numerical carbonate process
models under the umbrella of the CSDMS initiative
• Creation of supporting carbonate systems databases
Assuming that:
• Open-source numerical models and associated quantitative
datasets can be state-of-the-art repositories for our knowledge of
how carbonate systems work
• Models can be useful experimental tools applied to develop and
enhance carbonate knowledge.
CSDMS
C-FRG
CARBONATE FOCUSED RESEARCH GROUP
Peter Burgess, (Chair) Royal Holloway University of London
Andrew Barnett, BG Group
David Budd, University of Colorado
Govert Buijs, ConocoPhillips
Bob Demicco, Binghamton University
Carl Drummond, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
Evan Franseen, University of Kansas
Ned Frost, ConocoPhillips
Xavier Janson, University of Texas at Austin
Chris Jenkins, University of Colorado
Gareth Jones, Chevron Energy Technology Company
Albert Kettner, CSDMS, INSTAAR, University of Colorado
H. Richard Lane, U.S. National Science Foundation
Patrick Lehmann, ExxonMobil Exploration Company
Mingliang Liu Auburn, University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences
William A. Morgan, ConocoPhillips
Mohamad Mehdi Nasr Azadani, University of California at Santa Barbara
Gene Rankey, University of Kansas
Bernhard Riegl, Nova Southeastern University, National Coral Reef Institute
Rick Sarg, Colorado School of Mines
Fiona Whitaker, University of Bristol
Bruce Wilkinson, Syracuse University
N=22
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• C-FRG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• C-FRG research plans
PLATFORM TYPE & FACIES PREDICTION
CSDMS
C-FRG
Tropical
(euphotic)
Tropical
(oligophotic)
Cool-water
Mud
(heterozoan) mound
0
100
• Standard paradigm: carbonate factory type, represented by
carbonate production profile , controls platform architecture
• Most predictions of facies and sequence strat hinge on this
• But is it true?
200
300
400
500
Isolated
platform
Facies belts
Tidal flats &
sabkha
Rimmed shelf
Reefs, patch reefs,
rudist shoals etc
Non-rimmed shelf
Oolitic & biolcastic
grainstones
Resedimented deep-water
grainstone
Distally steepened
Homoclinal
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
Purkis et al.
ORIGINS OF HETEROGENEITY
Wilkinson & Drummond, 2004
Harris & Vlaswinkel, 2008
• Planform heterogeneity observed in modern
systems across a wide range of scales
• Limited statistical understanding of spatial
distributions at different scales
• Understanding of the responsible processes is
even more limited, especially the link with
vertical stacking
CSDMS
C-FRG
ORIGINS OF HETEROGENEITY
• Vertical stacking in strata also
shows significant heterogeneity
• Many carbonates strata exhibit
exponential thickness
frequency distributions
• Which means lots more thin
beds than thick beds
• What does this mean in terms
of depositional processes?
Wilkinson et al, 1996, JSR, 66, p.1065-1068
Logged section from Grotzinger, 1986,
JSP, 56, 813-847
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
OTHER ISSUES
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Ocean acidification
• Shoreline change on island nations
• Reefs, shallow and deep, and their change
in response to past and future climate
change
• Tsunami records
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
DEPOSITIONAL MODELS: DIONISOS
Summary
Spatial dimensions: 3D
Process dimensions: 1-2D
Scale: Whole platform and more
Lithologies: Multiple, user-defined
linked to production curves
Transport is diffusional so ability to
make fine-scale heterogeneity is
rather limited
USP: Large scale, very flexible and
often very fast to run
Refs:
Bassant and Harris, 2008
Williams, 2010, unpublished PhD thesis
CSDMS
C-FRG
DEPOSITIONAL MODELS: CYCLOPATH
Summary
Spatial dimensions: 3D
Process dimensions: 1-2D
production, 2D transport
Scale : Platform architecture &
platform interior
Lithology: very basic, water-depth
classification only
Heterogeneity: some, but limited
by poor lithology representation
USP: consideration of autocyclic
processes, detailed statistical
analysis of results
Refs:
Burgess et al 2001,
Burgess, 2001,
Barnet et al 2002,
Burgess and Wright 2003,
Burgess and Emery 2004
Burgess, 2006
CSDMS
C-FRG
DEPOSITIONAL MODELS: CARB3D+
Summary
Spatial dimensions: 3D
Process dimensions: 1-2D?
Scale: Whole platform
Lithologies: Multiple, realistic
Heterogeneity – definitely, but
mostly externally forced? And
possible issues with numerical
artefacts?
USP: good wave and current
model, plus link to diagenetic
processes
Refs:
Peterson et al 2006
Peterson et al 2008
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
DIAGENETIC MODELS: CARB 3D+
Primary
facies
Hydraulic
conductivity
Porosity
Summary
Spatial dimensions: 3D
Process dimensions: 1-2D?
Scale: Whole platform
Lithologies: Multiple, realistic
Diagenetic model: hybrid
parametric
Refs:
Peterson et al 2006
Peterson et al 2008
DIAGENETIC MODELS: RT MODEL OF SO BEDS
CSDMS
C-FRG
Reaction-transport modeling of bed-scale dolomitization to
assess pattern formation using Sym.8 simulator
Distance (m)
no flux boundary
no flux boundary
2m x 18 m with 1200 cells.
transport &
reactions
Grids centered in
30 cm x 10 cm cells
Refs:
Budd, 2010, pers. comm.
Isothermal
Flow velocity - from imposed pressure gradient
(2nd order PDE) & Darcy equations.
Fluid - Mississippian seawater evaporated to
near halite saturation, 4x modern atm CO2
more
% Dolomite, 0.25 my
Dolomite Volume
Fraction
less
Distance (m)
Summary
Spatial dimensions: 2D
Process dimensions: 1-2D?
Scale: Small-scale bed stacking
Lithologies: Realistic depiction
of bed-scale dolomitization
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Rule-based deterministic models
• Each cell evolves through time according to very simple
rules based on contents of neighbouring cells
• Combine with subsidence, sea-level, sediment
production etc to make a model of carbonate
accumulation ...
Cellular Automata Rules
Distance
Min
Neighbours
Max
neighbours
Min
trigger
Max
trigger
2
4
10
6
10
Lithofacies mosaic on
a map of Florida Bay
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2
2
2
5
0
3
3
0
2
2
Lithofacies mosaic in a
CA model
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
5
0
3
3
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
3
3
1
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
1
1
5
5
5
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
5
5
0
0
5
2
3
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
3
3
3
3
4
1
4
0
0
0
3
5
5
5
5
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
0
0
0
0
5
2
2
2
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
4
4
4
4
1
4
0
0
0
0
3
2
2
5
2
2
5
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
0
3
3
1
3
3
0
0
0
3
3
2
3
2
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
0
0
3
0
3
5
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
5
2
2
0
0
1
1
3
4
1
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
5
0
0
0
0
3
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
3
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
6
6
5
2
2
0
2
2
2
5
0
1
1
4
4
4
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
4
0
4
6
6
0
2
2
2
2
2
5
0
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
6
3
3
0
0
0
3
5
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
3
0
4
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
6
6
5
2
2
2
5
6
6
1
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
0
0
6
6
6
3
0
3
3
5
5
5
2
3
3
6
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
2
2
0
2
5
2
2
6
6
6
1
1
4
4
1
1
0
0
0
3
3
6
6
6
3
3
3
2
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
4
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
2
2
4
4
2
3
3
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
4
4
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
4
1
1
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
6
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
3
2
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hiatus/no deposition
1
Primary producer lithotope 1
2
Primary producer lithotope 2
3
Primary producer lithotope 3
4
Byproduct lithotope 1
5
Byproduct lithotope 2
6
Erosion
2
5
5
5
5
0
2
3
2
2
0
0
2
3
3
1
3
3
0
4
1
1
4
4
1
• What happens next to this cell?
• 4 same-lithotope neighbours
• So persists into next timestep
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
Lithotope mosaic map
40651
0416
0416
0416
0416
0416
1406
1046
4160
0641
0641
4601
4106
1406
1046
0461
0416
04631
3064
036
0346
0364
036
036
036
360
360
360
603
360
360
306
036
03526
03256
03652
03652
30652
0526
0526
0526
5026
0256
5026
6520
6052
0652
0562
45062
10642
40651
0416
0416
0416
0416
1406
1046
1604
4601
0641
4160
1046
1406
1046
1046
4106
4106
04136
306
306
036
036
036
036
036
036
360
360
360
360
603
036
036
03256
03526
0652
03652
03652
0562
0526
0526
0526
0526
6052
6052
6052
0526
0526
45206
106542
106254
14065
0416
0416
1406
1406
1604
4601
4601
1604
4160
1046
1406
1046
1046
14306
14036
306
306
306
306
036
063
036
063
063
630
360
360
603
036
036
036
03652
03526
03526
03625
03652
03652
0526
0526
0526
0526
0526
6052
6052
0526
2560
2056
25064
241065
10654
1406
1406
140
1604
1604
4601
0641
1604
4601
1406
1406
1406
1460
14306
43061
063
306
306
306
306
063
036
036
036
603
603
603
036
036
036
036
0326
06352
03526
03526
03652
53062
2605
2560
250
205
205
205
205
2056
5206
5206
52406
20416
14065
1046
104
1604
1604
1604
4601
1604
1046
1460
0416
0416
1460
14360
16034
10634
603
603
603
603
306
063
036
036
036
036
063
063
036
036
036
036
0356
0635
03526
03652
03652
53602
2065
2605
520
520
520
502
520
5026
5206
5206
524016
205416
204165
4061
1460
4601
1604
1604
1604
1604
1460
0416
04136
04136
14306
30641
40631
603
630
603
603
603
306
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
063
0632
03526
03652
03265
03652
30652
2560
520
5206
5206
5206
520
5206
5260
5206
52064
205416
20416
0641
6041
6041
1604
1604
1604
140
1460
0416
36041
03641
30641
30641
306
603
603
603
603
306
306
036
063
036
036
036
036
036
063
036
036
063
036
036
03652
06352
03652
03562
30562
2065
5260
5260
5260
5260
5062
205
2506
5206
52064
504162
20416
0641
6041
6041
4601
1604
1406
410
0416
30641
03641
03641
03641
36041
063
603
603
603
603
306
306
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
036
063
036
036
036
03652
03652
03652
06352
30652
0652
0652
5602
0652
2605
2065
052
0526
0526
25406
524106
20416
20416
0641
4601
1604
1064
041
0416
0416
30641
03641
03641
03641
03641
360
603
603
603
603
306
306
063
603
360
360
360
360
360
306
360
360
063
063
036
03526
03652
30652
30652
20635
0652
0652
2605
0652
0652
2065
0526
0526
0526
052461
20416
254106
20416
0416
4016
1406
4106
0416
0416
0416
34160
43601
03416
03416
06314
063
306
603
603
603
306
306
063
360
360
603
603
360
360
360
360
360
063
306
036
30526
30526
30652
53062
20356
2065
2560
2605
0652
5026
0256
5206
0526
0526
25046
250416
250416
20416
1046
1406
1406
0416
0416
0416
4160
1604
1604
03641
03416
03641
0364
306
603
603
603
603
036
306
603
603
603
603
603
603
603
603
360
306
306
306
6032
60352
53026
2506
5206
5206
5206
2065
2056
5026
0256
5062
0526
0526
25046
205416
065241
0641
1406
14306
14360
0416
0416
0416
1406
1406
34061
0416
03416
0316
306
306
603
603
603
603
036
306
0536
063
063
063
26530
2603
2603
603
306
306
603
603
6035
6032
53260
2056
5206
5206
5206
2560
30526
30526
30652
03652
0526
2506
25046
205416
065241
06341
40361
1604
14306
1406
0416
4106
1046
1046
0641
03416
03416
03146
0643
306
603
603
603
603
603
630
0236
05236
20536
25036
2036
25306
2036
306
306
306
603
603
60352
60352
6025
53206
5026
5206
5206
2065
30526
30652
30526
03526
53062
2056
25460
50216
052416
03146
03416
14036
14360
14360
43061
41306
4106
1046
0641
03416
03416
03416
0136
306
063
036
0536
0536
036
20563
20536
20536
5036
52306
52036
2063
25306
306
036
603
603
6035
60352
60352
60352
6052
2056
5026
52306
30652
36052
30652
30652
03526
53026
2056
2560
0253416
605341
03416
04316
06341
10634
10346
41036
40316
41036
4106
0641
0641
03416
03416
036
306
5306
5306
2603
2063
20563
50236
52306
52603
52603
52603
52306
52306
25603
0356
036
603
603
603
603
60352
60352
6052
2056
50236
52306
52306
30526
30526
30265
60352
60352
53260
532460
052463
30546
0316
0631
063
0631
063
41036
41603
41306
4160
41036
0641
03146
036
036
0536
0263
2603
5360
25603
52306
52603
52603
52603
52603
52603
52603
52603
05326
05263
0536
036
603
603
603
603
60352
60523
2056
52306
52603
52036
306
3062
306
6032
3026
30256
30526
0563
306
306
063
063
063
063
41036
41306
41603
41036
41360
0643
0643
036
036
306
35260
25603
52036
5206
52036
52036
52603
52063
52063
52063
52063
50236
05236
2506
52036
5306
036
603
306
6035
6032
60523
20563
52603
52306
52036
2603
360
306
306
036
306
3056
306
306
306
306
360
063
063
1603
41063
41603
41603
14306
063
063
036
5306
2506
35260
5206
52036
52036
5206
52360
5206
5206
5206
5206
5206
52036
2506
25036
52036
5206
53260
3056
306
306
360
30526
30526
52603
52063
52603
2603
063
360
306
306
360
306
603
360
306
306
036
036
360
360
14063
41063
3460
306
306
036
036
5306
260
2560
5260
5206
5206
5206
5026
0652
0652
0652
0652
5206
5206
5062
0526
2506
2560
53260
3026
306
360
360
2603
35260
25360
3026
306
063
063
360
306
306
306
306
603
360
360
306
036
036
036
063
1063
306
306
306
306
036
036
5306
25306
25360
2506
2056
2056
5206
0652
0652
0652
0652
5206
5206
5206
5062
0526
5206
2506
2056
35206
52036
360
2603
2603
5306
036
036
306
306
306
306
360
360
360
360
603
360
360
360
063
036
036
036
036
306
306
306
306
306
063
306
3056
35260
30526
2056
2056
0652
0652
5026
5206
5206
5206
5206
2506
2506
0526
0256
0256
2506
20536
52036
35260
52603
5306
036
036
036
306
306
630
603
603
360
360
360
603
360
360
603
603
036
036
036
036
306
306
306
603
603
306
306
3026
30526
30526
35206
2056
2056
5206
5260
5260
5206
5206
5206
2506
0526
0526
5206
5206
5026
5026
52036
05263
05263
036
036
036
036
036
360
603
603
603
603
603
603
306
306
603
360
063
036
036
036
036
306
306
603
603
603
603
306
3056
03526
30526
35206
30526
2506
5260
5260
5260
5260
5026
5206
2506
0526
0526
0526
0526
05236
05236
05263
05263
05263
036
036
036
036
360
360
603
603
603
603
306
306
036
036
306
306
036
036
063
063
036
306
630
603
603
603
306
306
306
03526
03526
30526
30256
35206
5260
5206
5260
5026
502
2506
2506
0526
0526
0526
0526
05236
05263
25603
25603
2603
360
063
036
360
360
360
360
360
306
306
036
036
036
603
603
306
036
036
036
036
036
306
603
603
603
063
360
360
036
03526
03652
30562
30526
5206
5206
5206
5026
0526
5026
250
2056
2506
0526
0526
0526
0526
25063
2603
2063
5360
306
360
360
360
603
603
306
306
306
306
603
603
036
603
603
306
036
036
036
036
036
306
603
603
603
360
360
360
360
30526
30562
30526
30526
5062
5260
5260
5026
0526
5026
250
2056
2506
0526
0526
05236
2056
25063
2603
2063
2036
603
360
360
603
036
036
036
306
306
603
603
603
036
603
603
306
036
036
036
036
036
306
603
603
603
063
360
360
2063
35026
52036
2065
5206
5062
5260
5260
2560
5026
5026
250
2056
5062
0652
2506
5206
5026
52603
25603
25360
063
360
360
603
036
036
036
036
036
306
306
603
603
036
306
306
063
063
036
036
036
306
306
603
603
603
306
306
306
2036
25306
5206
25306
5206
5062
5260
2605
2560
5026
5026
2506
5206
5062
5062
2056
5206
52036
25603
25306
2036
603
360
306
036
036
036
036
036
063
063
306
306
306
036
306
036
036
036
036
036
360
063
306
603
603
603
603
603
3506
25306
25360
5206
5206
5260
5260
5260
5260
5260
5026
5026
5206
5206
5260
5260
2056
2506
25360
25306
20536
036
360
306
036
036
036
036
036
063
036
036
036
306
036
306
036
036
036
036
063
603
360
360
360
603
603
603
603
603
5306
260
53260
50326
2056
2560
5260
5260
5260
5260
5026
5026
5206
5206
5260
5260
5602
25306
25360
25360
063
063
063
036
036
063
036
063
603
603
036
036
036
036
036
603
036
036
036
036
063
603
603
603
063
360
306
603
603
603
603
3560
30526
2056
2056
2056
5206
5206
5062
5260
5206
5206
5206
5206
5260
0652
2056
20356
03526
036
063
063
036
036
036
036
036
603
603
603
036
036
036
036
063
306
036
036
036
036
360
360
360
603
063
360
306
306
603
603
3026
3056
35260
30526
2056
2056
5062
5206
52460
52406
5206
5206
5206
5062
0652
0652
04256
04256
03426
0356
063
063
036
036
036
036
036
360
360
360
036
036
036
036
036
306
036
036
036
063
360
360
360
360
306
3406
3406
306
306
306
3056
3056
30526
35026
2506
5206
2056
510246
541026
541206
52406
524106
52460
5206
06425
06142
0426
105426
143506
14306
1036
306
036
036
036
036
036
360
360
360
360
036
036
036
036
360
036
036
036
306
306
306
036
036
4306
14360
14360
3406
306
306
306
302641
3520416
254160
254160
254160
152460
241506
04126
041265
54106
254106
24160
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• Animation from “patches” initial condition
• Each cell evolves through time according to
very simple rules based on contents of
neighbouring cells
• 20 time steps=20 ky
• Lateral migration of facies
• Increasing lateral heterogeneity/spatial
entropy
• Even this simple model leads to complicated
L thotope/process
0
H atus/no depos t on
1
Pr mary producer thotope 1
2
Pr mary producer thotope 2
3
Pr mary producer thotope 3
4
Byproduct thotope 1
5
Byproduct thotope 2
6
Eros on
results
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
CarboCAT
•3D cellular automata model desgined to model platform interior
heterogeneity, constrained by lithofacies thickness distributions
•Multiple facies calculated by cellular automata
•Simple sediment transport algorithms
•Depth-dependent sediment production rate
•Subsidence
•Eustatic sea-level oscillations
Initial state map
Cellular Automata Rules
Distance
Min
Neighbours
Max
neighbours
Min
trigger
Max
trigger
2
4
10
6
10
Elevation (m)
Final state map
Horizontal Distance
Cross section
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
Vertical sections from middle of model grid …
Cumulative Normalized Frequency
60 m
125 m
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
50 m
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Lithofacies unit thickness (m)
CA facies mosaic
Exponential CDF
max diff
• CarboCAT can generate a good fit with
40 m
Facies
Lithotope/process
Facies
3
Primary producer l-tope 3
0
Hiatus/no deposition
4
Byproduct lithotope 1
1
Primary producer lithotope 1
5
Byproduct lithotope 2
2
Primary producer lithotope 2
6
Erosion
exponential curve
• Reproduces one important aspect of
carbonate strata
2.0
CSDMS
C-FRG
ORIGINS OF HETEROGENEITY
• Vertical stacking in strata also
shows significant heterogeneity
• Many carbonates strata exhibit
exponential thickness
frequency distributions
• Which means lots more thin
beds than thick beds
• What does this mean in terms
of depositional processes?
Wilkinson et al, 1996, JSR, 66, p.1065-1068
Logged section from Grotzinger, 1986,
JSP, 56, 813-847
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
Model 1
Model 2
2.5 My elapsed model time
Water Depth
(m)
Water Depth
(m)
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• CFG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
COMMUNITY MODELS
• Model spatial and temporal
distribution of carbonate
accumulation based on community
model
• Community model encapsulates
competition, positive feedbacks in
occupied sites, and manipulation of
local environment by organisms
COMMUNITY MODELS
CSDMS
C-FRG
Population Approach Lotka-Volterra coupled ordinary differential equations
Increase (growth):
• Growth in number of individuals
• Growth in % areal cover
Mortality:
• Day-in day-out
• Extreme events
Immigration:
• Spat dispersal
• Neighbouring cell
populations
• Suitable settlement
substrate
dN
N
i
i

RN
(
1

)

N
(
A
N

M
)

I

i
i
ij
j
i
i
dt K
J
i
Carrying Capacity:
• Physical & trophic habitat suitability
•?Full capacity at optimum (restricted by
A,M,I of course)
numericalCARBONATE, Oct 2010
Competition (antagonism):
• Space restriction and overgrowth
• Nutrient competition including light
by all J against i
CSDMS
C-FRG
POPULATION ECOLOGY CARBONATE
Carbonate
production
(kg/ m2/ yr)
Elevation (m)
Temperature (dgC)
Carbonate
thickness
At yr 12 (m)
WD (log10 m)
Chagos Bank
Total Stock
(live % area)
Benthic Irradiation
(umol phot /m2 /s)
071.23E 06.35S 20*0.01dg
Dominant Creature
Stock (live % area)
Dominant Creatures (Favia, Lithothamnion)
CSDMS
C-FRG
• Issues: platforms & prediction, complexity and heterogeneity
– Platform types and facies prediction
– Origins of heterogeneity in carbonates
– Other issues…
• Review of current models
– Depositional models
– Diagenetic models
• New modelling directions
– Cellular automata
– Population modelling
• C-FRG research plans
CSDMS
C-FRG
C-FRG RESEARCH PLANS
•Focus on development of workbench module prototypes
based on combined community model and cellular
automata approach
•Integrate with available sediment transport modules
•Development of supporting knowledge base with rate
data
•New NSF grant proposal (and EU proposal?)
•Expand group membership based on working model
modules
•Testing of model against modern and ancient carbonate
systems
CSDMS
C-FRG
CELLULAR AUTOMATA
CSDMS
C-FRG
Mid Cretaceous carbonate strata, central
Spain – also a lithofacies mosaic?
Lithofacies mosaic
planform, Florida Bay
Cross-section of a lithofacies mosaic
from the computer model
Distance
12m
CA Lithofacies
mosaic
Distance
Distance
POPULATION MODELS
CSDMS
C-FRG
What carbonate properties should SedGrid store and how?
The hypothetical cell: [Aa 0.05; Ag 0.90; At 0.05]
The hypothetical cemented cell: [Aa 0.05; Ag 0.80; At 0.05; Bd 0.10]
Transport dictionary
Transportable
Grain size (mm)
Bulk density (gcm-3)
Grain shape??
Aa
Yes
2mm
2.1
Messy
...
Ag
Yes
10mm
2.2
Spherical
...
At
No
Null
Null
Null
...
Bd
No
Null
Null
Null
...
Production dictionary
Name
Hardness
Feeding habit
Trophic Type
Trophic level
Ingestion size
Temp range
Salinity range
Mineralogy
Aa
Coral X
Skeletal
Filter
Pred, sessile
5
Large
21-27
...
Ag
Grainwithnoname
Skeletal
Mobile carnivore
Pred, mobile
7
Large
16-27
...
At
Seagrass
Soft
Photosynth
Primary
1
Small
15-27
...
Bd
Cement
Null
Null
Null
Null
Null
Null
Null
Aragonite
...
Roughness dictionary
Roughness
Form
Bafflement
Form drag
Aa
Rough
Upstanding
Some
2.1
...
Bd
Smooth
Flat
None
...
Aragonite
Calcite
...
Ag
Smooth
Aragonite
...
At
Rough
Lots
CSDMS
C-FRG
ORIGINS OF HETEROGENEITY
Reeder &
Rankey, 2008
• Ooid factory
controlled by tidal
currents
• Net circular
hydrodynamic
pattern around the
shoal – spin cycle
• Combined
production and
transport is the key
CSDMS
C-FRG
SIMSAFADIM - Bitzer, K., Salas, R., 2002. SIMSAFADIM: three-dimensional simulation of stratigraphic architecture and facies distribution
modeling of carbonate sediments. Computers and Geosciences, 28, 1177-1192.
CARB3D - Paterson, RJ, Whitaker, FF, Smart, PL, Jones, DG & Oldham, D. 'Controls on early diagenetic overprinting in icehouse
carbonates: insights from modeling hydrological zone residence times using CARB3D+', Journal of Sedimentary Research, 78 (4),
(pp. 258-281), 2008. ISSN: 1527-1404 10.2110/jsr.2008.029
STRATA - STRATA: Freeware for analyzing classic stratigraphic problems. P.B. Flemings and J.P. Grotzinger
http://hydro.geosc.psu.edu/Papers/Gsa_strata/gsa.html
SEDSIM - Griffiths, C. SEDSIM Stratigraphic Forward Modeling. http://sepmstrata.org/PDFFiles/Simulations/SedsimBackgroundGriffiths03.pdf. CSIRO Petroleum 2003.
SEDPAK - Strobel, S., Cannon, R., Kendall, G.St. C. C.St., Biswas, G. and Bezdek, J. 1989. Interactive (SEDPAK) simulation of clastic and
carbonate sediments in shelf to basin settings. Computers & Geosciences, 15(8), 1279-1290.
CARBOCAT - Burgess (unpubl) 2009. CarboCAT. “http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model:CarboCAT”.
REEFHAB - Kleypas, J. A. 1997. Modeled estimates of global reef habitat and carbonate production since the Last Glacial Maximum.
Paleoceanography, 12(4), 533-545.
CYCLOPATH - Burgess, P.M. and Wright, V.P, 2003. Numerical forward modelling of carbonate platform dynamics: An evaluation of
complexity and completeness, Journal of Sedimentary research, v.73, p.637-652.
SEALEX - Koelling, M., Webster, J.M., Camoin, G., Iryu, Y., Bard, E., Seard, C. (in press): SEALEX - Internal reef chronology and virtual drill
logs from a spreadsheet-based reef growth model. Global and Planetary Change. “doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.011”
FUZZYREEF - Parcell, W.C., 2003, Evaluating the development of Upper Jurassic reefs in the Smackover Formation, Eastern Gulf Coast,
U.S.A. through fuzzy logic computer modeling. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73, 498-515.