Biodiversity in Norwegian Nature Management, Land Use Planning, Nature Diversity Law and data Management 挪威自然资源管理,土地利用规划,自然多 样性法和数据管理中的生物多样性 JiangXi 5-7 July 2011 2011年7月5日—7日,江西 Svein Aage Mehli 斯文·阿格·梅里 Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management 挪威自然资源管理局 Facts about Norway 挪威概况 • Population: 4.960.000 人口:496万 • Area: 386.958 km2 (incl. Svalbard) 面积:386958平方千米 (包括斯瓦尔巴德群岛) • Population per km2: 12,0 单位平方千米人口:12人 • 19 counties + Svalbard 19郡+斯瓦尔巴德群岛 • 434 municipalities 434个自治市 2 The Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (DN): 挪威自然资源管理局(DN): • National governmental agency under the Ministry of the Environment 隶属于挪威环境部的国家政府机构 • Main tasks; 主要职责 – Conservation of biological diversity 保护生物多样性 – The sustainable use of biological resources 可持续使用生物资源 – Promoting outdoor recreation 促进户外娱乐活动 • Vision: “For life in nature and nature in life” 愿景:“为了自然中的生 命和生命中的自然” • Head office in Trondheim ~ 250 employees 总部位于特隆赫姆,约 250名雇员 MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 环境部 DIRECTORATE FOR NATURE MANAGEMENT 自然资源管理局 NORWEGIAN POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY 挪威污染管制局 NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTIUTE 挪威北极研究所 THE COUNTY MUNICIPALITY 郡级市 LOCAL LEVEL 地方层面 THE MUNICIPALITY 自治市 NORWEGIAN MAPPING AUTHORITY 挪威测绘局 REGIONAL LEVEL 区域层面 THE COUNTY GOVERNOR 郡 DIRECTORATE FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE 文化遗产局 NATIONAL LEVEL 国家层面 ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES IN NORWAY 挪威环境管理机构 Priority issues and Ways of Working in Biodiversity Management 生物多样性管理中的优先议题与工作方法 • • • • Nature Conservation- Protected areas 自然保护—保护地 Species management 物种管理 Land use planning 土地利用规划 Marin and coastal management plans 海洋与海岸管理计 划 • Biodiversity and the petroleum sector 生物多样性与石油生 产部门 ---------------------------------------------------------• Sector responsibility 部门责任 • Knowledgebased management 以知识为基础的管理 • Spatial environmental information 空间环境信息 The objectives of nature conservation are to preserve: 自然保护的目标就是保护: • A representative section of the natural environment 自然环境代 表性区域 • Key areas of important function for species 对物种具有重要功能 的关键区域 • The diversity of threatened species of animals and plants by protecting their habitat 通过保护濒危动植物物种的生境维持濒危 物种的多样性 The nature conservation strategy includes: 自然保护战略包括: • Thematic protection plans (wetlands, mires and bogs, seabirds, deciduous forest) 分类保护计划(湿地,沼泽,海鸟,落叶林) • Forest protection plans (coniferous) 森林保护计划(针叶树种) • National park plans (big areas, mainly on state owned land) 国 家公园计划(地域广大,主要位于国有土地上) Protected Areas 保护地 Type of protection Number Size, km2 % of total land area 29 26756 8.3 174 15093 4.7 Nature Reserves (IUCN I) 1822 4299 1.3 Nature Memorials 101 2 0.0 Other protection areas 122 126 0.0 2248 46276 14.3 National parks (IUCN II) Protected Landscapes (IUCN V) Total Draft for Marine Protected Areas 海洋保护地草案 Wildlife management- Threatened species 野生动物管理—濒危物种 • The Norwegian red list 挪威 红色名录 • Protected species 保护物种 • Action plans 行动计划 Large Carnivores 大型食肉动物 Wolverine 狼獾 Bear 熊 Lynx 猞猁 Wolf 狼 SALMON 鲑鱼 Ungulates 有蹄类动物 Red-deer 赤鹿 Roe deer 狍鹿 Reindeer 驯鹿 Musk ox 麝牛 Moose 驼鹿 Sector responsibility policy 部门责任政策 • All sectoral authorities are responsible for avoiding unnecessary environmental pressure 所有部门的负责机构都 有责任避免给环境带来不必要的压力。 • Policy instruments available to all sectors to prevent or solve environmental problems. 所有部门都可以使用政策工具避免或 解决环境问题。 • An ongoing task to ensure that these instruments are always targeted to achieve environmental policy targets and give positive environmental effects. 确保这些工具能够始终定位于 实现环境政策目标并产生积极的环境效果,是一项持续性工作。 • Environmental efforts in all sectors must be in line with the strategic objectives and national targets of Norway’s environmental policy. 所有部门采取的环境行动都必须与挪威环 境政策的战略目标和国家目标相一致。 Biodiversity and Land Use Planning 生物多样性和土地利用规划 • Land use planning, which takes place at the local and regional levels in Norway, is the most important arena for management and conservation of biodiversity outside protected areas (PAs) 挪威在地方和区域层面上开展土地利用规划,土地利用规划是在保护 地(PAs)以外开展生物多样性管理与保护的最重要领域 • The Planning and Building Act (1985, revised 2009) is our main tool for management of biodiversity outside PAs 《规划与建设法案》(1985年施行,2009年修订)是在保护地以外管 理生物多样性的主要工具 – Interventions are subject to a consultative process 各项活动都要 进行咨询 – Most interventions are subject to Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) 绝大多数活动需要进行环境影响评价(EIA) – Includes all land and sea areas out to 200 nautic miles 法案涵盖全 部陆地和离岸200海里以内的海洋区域 Land Use Planning and the role of DN 土地利用规划和挪威自然资源管理局的作用 • MoE is the responsible Ministry 环境部是责任机构 • DN advisor to MoE in development of legislation and policy 自然资源管理局为环境部提供立法和政策制定咨询服务 • Advisor to the County Governor and hence Municipalities in area planning 为郡和自治市提供地区规划咨询服务 • Advice sector directorates and public and private land developers (road, energy, hydroelectric power, wind power, agriculture, fishery, fish farming etc) 为部门管理局 以及公有和私营开发商(道路,能源,水力发电,风能,农 业,渔业,养殖渔业等)提供咨询服务 • Give consultative statements to large development plans 为大型发展规划提供咨询意见 Integrated Management Plans for Norwegian marine areas 为挪威海域制定综合管理计划 Barents Sea (2006) 巴伦支海(2006) Norwegian Sea (2008) 挪威海(2008) North Sea (2014) 北海(2014) IMPs - regulatory status 综合管理计划 • Whitepaper - to achieve consensus among all stakeholders that IMPs will create an overall framework 白皮书—在所有利益相关方中间形成了共识,即综合管理 计划将提供一个总体框架 – not the intention of the Government to trigger a process which as such opens new areas 政府无意启动此类会开启新领域的程 序 – need to be supplemented by more detailed plans for the individual sectors 需要针对各部门制定更加详细的计划作为补充 – IMPs will be reinforced by necessary new legislation 通过制定 必要的新法律法规强化综合管理计划的执行 IMP - objective & principles 综合管理计划—目标和原则 Safeguard a clean and rich sea 保护一片清洁干净物产丰富的海洋 Ecosystem based management 以生态系统为基础的管理 Sustainable use of resources and goods derived from ecosystems, while preserving their structure, functioning and productivity 可持续地使用资源和生态系统产品,同 时保护它们的结构,功能和生产力 Coexistence of different industries 各种产业共存 • Involve all relevant sectors 涉及 所有相关部门 • Assess large areas 评估大面积 的区域 • Assess sum of all influences 评 估所有的影响 • Special caution to valuable & vulnerable areas 对有价值的、 脆弱的地区要特别慎重 • Transparent process stakeholder involvement 透明的 过程—利益相关方参与 Final IMP covers 最终的综合管理计划涵盖 • Facts and assessments 事实与评估结果 – Ecosystems 生态系统 – Valuable and vulnerable areas 有价值的和脆弱的地区 – Commercial and social importance of area 该地区的商业意 义和社会重要性 – Pressures and impacts 压力和影响 – Conflicts of interest / coexistence between industries 利益冲 突/各种产业的共存 – Knowledge gaps 知识空缺 • Proposals 建议 – How to strengthen legislation and management regime 如何 加强立法和管理体系制度 – Mitigating measures for sustainable use of the ecosystems 针对生态系统可持续利用制定减缓措施 Integrated Management Plans for the Norwegian Marine Waters: All sectors and their activities must be considered in a holistic perspective 挪威海域综合管理计划:从一个整体性角度考量所有部门及其活动 Kilde: Frontline Foto: Erling Svensen Knowledge Based Management 以知识为基础的管理 • Research 研究 – Define the knowledge gaps 确认知识空缺 – Prioritise and initiate research 优先开展研究 • Partly with own resources (carnivores) 部分使用自有资源 (食肉动物) • Partly through the Norwegian Research Council and crosssectoral research programmes 部分通过挪威研究委员会 和跨部门研究项目 • Mapping and monitoring 测绘与监测 – Terrestrial and Marine 陆地和海洋 • Spatial Environmental Information 空间环境信 息 The Nature Biodiversity Act. Pressures on biodiversity in Norway 自然生物多样性法案。挪威生物多样性遭受的压力 The Nature Diversity Act 自然多样性法案 An Act consisting of 10 chapters and 77 sections 法案包括10章77节 Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Purpose and scope 第一章 目的和范围 General provisions on sustainable use 第二章 可持续利用基本条款 Species management 第三章 物种管理 Alien organisms 第四章 外来生物 Protected areas 第五章 保护地 Selected habitat types 第六章 选定的栖息地类型 Access to genetic material 第七章 遗传物质的获取 Competent authority under the Act, supervision, etc 第八章 法案规定的管理机构,监察等 Enforcement and sanctions 第九章 执行与制裁 Final provisions 第十章 最后条款 The main parts of the act 法案的主要部分 (Biological, geological, landscape) (生物,地质,景观) Protected areas, priority species – Nature Diversity Act 保护地,优先物种—自然多样性 法案 Selected habitat types, areas with specific ecological functions and alien organisms – Nature Diversity Act and acts concerning land use, fisheries, forestry, agriculture, mining etc 选定的栖息地类型,具有特定生态功能的 地区和外来生物—自然多样性法案,与土 地利用、渔业、林业、农业和矿产行业相 关的法案 General provisions and principles – Nature Diversity Act and acts concerning land use, fisheries, forestry, agriculture, mining etc 基本条款和原则—自然多样性法 Source: Ministry of the Environment Photos: Bård Løken, Statens naturoppsyn, Erling Svensen 案,与土地利用、渔业、林业、 农业和矿产行业相关的法案 The purpose of the Act 法案的目的 Intrinsic value 内在价值 Biodiversity is a very important resource 生物多样性是一项非 常重要的资源 Value for recreation 娱乐价值 Photos: Marianne Gjørv Management objectives 管理目标 To maintain the diversity of habitat types within their natural range 在自然分布范围内维持栖息 地类型的多样性 To maintain species and their genetic diversity for the long term and to ensure that species occur in viable populations in their natural range 长远维持物种及其遗传资源 多样性,保证物种在其自然 分布范围内保有维持物种繁 衍所需的种群数量 Photo: Marianne Gjørv Foto: Jon Bekken Foto: Kin Abel Photo: Marianne Gjørv Key principles for sustainable use 可持续利用的关键原则 The principles shall serve as guidelines when public authority concerning nature is exercised 当涉及自然 的公共机构行使职能时,这些原则将作为指导 The decision shall state how the principles have been applied in the case 政府决策中应该说明如何在所涉 案例中贯彻了这些原则 Photo: Marianne Gjørv Knowledge-based management 以知识为基础的管理 One of the basic fundaments of the Act 法案的一项基础原则 Decisions shall be based on: 决策应建立在以下基础上: Scientific knowledge 科学知识 Knowledge based on experience 由经验 所得的知识 Photo: Marianne Gjørv The precautionary principle 预防原则 When a decision is made in absence of adequate information, the aim shall be to avoid significant damage to diversity 如果在决策时缺少恰当的信息,那么目标应该 是避免给生物多样性造成重大损害 Photo: Kristian Julien User-pays principle 使用者付费原则 Persons responsible for pressure on the environment shall pay to prevent or limit damage 给环境带来压力的人应 该付费防止或减少损害 Photo: Tore Røraas Ecosystem approach and cumulative environmental effects 生态系统方法和累积环境影响 Any pressure on an ecosystem shall be assessed on the basis of the cumulative environmental effects on the ecosystem, now or in the future 任何带给生态系统的压力都将以目前或今后对 生态系统的累积环境影响为基础进行评估 Photo: Bård Løken/ NN/ Samfoto Norway digital 数字挪威 Norway Digital - the national geographical infrastructure 数字挪威—国家地理基础设施 • Norway Digital is a nation-wide program for cooperation on establishment, maintenance and distribution of digital geographic data with the aim to: 数字挪威是一个有关数字地理信息制作、维护和分享的 全国性合作项目,旨在: – to enhance the availability and use of quality geographic information among a broad range of users, primarily in the public sector. 在广大用户—主要是普通公众用户—中提升高品 质地理信息数据的可获得性并扩大其使用 Norway digital 数字挪威 • A broad representation of Norwegian public bodies are participating, at national level ministries and their directorates, at local and regional level all Norwegian municipalities and different regional public bodies. 挪威公共部门都广泛参与了项目,包括国家层面的部委 及其相关司局,地方和区域层面的市,以及区域层面的 公共部门。 • All institutions participating in Norway Digital will bring own data into the infrastructure making it available to the other partners. 所有参加数字挪威项目的机构都需要提供各自的数据, 纳入数字挪威的数据系统,其他的合作方也可以访问这 些数据。 Norway digital 数字挪威 The geographical data is divided in two main categories, reference data and thematic data. 地理信息分为参考数据和专题信息两个门 类。 • Reference data: 参考数据: – include topographical data, hydrography, roads and other infrastructure, land use, buildings and cadastral information, elevation and bathymetry, orthophotos. 包括地形数据,水文地理信息,道路和其他基础设施,土地利 用,建筑物数据和土籍信息,标高与水深数据,照片等。 • Thematic data: 专题信息: – include a broad range of information produced by national institutions and municipalities and the local level. The themes cover aspects. 包括国家相关机构、自治市和地方收集的大量信息。专题之下 又进一步分为不同方面。 Norway digital 数字挪威 • Directorate for Nature Management are one of the partners in Norway digital 自然资源管理局是数字挪威的一个合作方 • The environmental data that the Directorate for nature management manage are found in the “Naturbase” – Nature Base. 由自然资源管理局管理的环境数据可以在“自然数据库” 中找到 • This is an online database found on the Internet at www.naturbase.no 自然数据库是一个在线数据库,可以通过以下网址访问 www.naturbase.no Naturbase 自然数据库 Facts about the Nature Database - ”Naturbase” 关 于自然数据库的一些情况 • • • • • Expert tool with geographic information for the Directorate for Nature Management and regional authorities 供自然资源管理局和区域管理机构使用的带 有地理信息的专家工具 > 105.000 objects 超过105000条的条目 Covering 涵盖 – Protected areas 保护地 – Biodiversity - important habitats, migration routes, feeding areas etc 生物多样性—重要栖 息地,迁徙路线,觅食区域等 – Recreation areas 娱乐区域 – Cultural landscapes 文化景观 Central database - local map modules 中央数据库— 地方地图模块 Today used with ArcView as GIS-tool 目前与ArcView 软件一起使用作为地理信息系统工具 Naturbase - Collecting Data 自然数据库—收集信息 • Standardisation of methods are extremly important – a lot of the work is supposed to be done by the municipalities 方法的标准化及其重要—很多工作需要由自治市完 成 • Use scientific reports and local information 使用科学报告和地方信息 • Supervised by County Governor – also a control function 由郡监督管理—也有控制功能 Major DN databases and GIS applications: 自然资源管理局的主要数据库和GIS的使用 •Predator Database 捕猎动物数据库 •Observations of predators 对捕猎动物的观察 •Domestic animals killed by predators 捕猎动物猎杀的家养动物 •Application for refund 申请赔偿 •NatureDatabase 自然数据库 •Protected Areas 保护地 •Biological Diversity 生物多样性 •Cultural heritage 文化遗产 •Outdoor recreation 户外娱乐 •WaterInfo 水信息 •Biological Diversity in fresh water 淡水生物多样性 •Chemicals in fresh water 淡水中的化学品 •Pollution 污染 •… and a lot more ……其他更多因素 INON •Areas without major infrastructure development in Norway 挪威境内没有建 设主要基础设施的地区 Thank you! Takk! 谢谢!