IPM - Integrated Pest
Management
IPM - an ecologically based pest control strategy that
maintains pest species below the economic injury level
by use of the most appropriate and
_________________ _____________ methods
available.
Why are insects so abundant?
Small _____ - takes little food to mature to reproductive age
Ability to ___- escape enemies, adverse environmental conditions
Unique _____ - waxy layer, strong exoskeleton, jointed legs
High __________ capacity- e.g. CPB female can lay 3000 eggs
Metamorphosis
- adults and young use different resources
Facts you should know about insects
World-wide entomologists have described about 1
million species, systematists estimate between 2 and
10 million
There are about 100,000 species described in the U.S.
15,000 - 20,000 insect species in Minnesota
Q: How many (%) are pests?
< ______% are injurious - ca. 3,000 species worldwide
_______ pest insects in the United States
Insect Abundance and Diversity
1. Insects live in every habitable place on earth except ____ ____
2. Chief _____________ of plants on the planet
3. Major ____________ of plant eaters (herbivores)
4. Key role in _________ of organic matter
5. Key role as _________ for other organisms
a) In some human cultures insects comprise 10% of the diet
How Do Insects Cause
Damage?
Injury to crops
DIRECT or INDIRECT injury
Injury to Humans and animals
Blood feeding - disease transmission
Internal & External Parasites
Annoyance
Injecting toxic substances
Destroy stored products and possessions
Pest - A living organism that occurs in such numbers and
places so that it _________ with the availability,
quantity of value of a managed resource.
Beneficial - An insect which favorably affects humans
with the result of its _______ or
Insect
_________.
Losses in Agriculture
Preharvest
_____%
Postharvest
_____%
TOTAL
_____%
Annual loss in the U.S. about $7 billion annually to insects
Pest
Control
The application of technology, in the context of
biological knowledge, to achieve satisfactory
reduction of pest numbers or effects.
Control Strategies
1. Natural
2. Biological
3. Cultural
4. Legislative and Regulatory
5. Mechanical and Physical
6. Genetic
7. Chemical
External and Internal Anatomy
I.
External Anatomy
a. Insect Exoskeleton
II. Metamorphosis
III. Insect Phylogeny
a. Assemblages of insect orders
Function of the Insect Cuticle
•
•
•
•
•
Protection
Retards ______ loss
Muscle ________________ sites
_____________ located in cuticle
Contains _________ organs
– mechanical
– chemical
ORDER CLASSIFICATION - based primarily on 3 characters
1. Mouthparts, e.g., chewing, sucking, etc.
2. Wings
a. Present or absent
b. If present - specialization of wings
3. Type of metamorphosis
a. No discernible metamorphosis
b. Simple (gradual or hemimetabola)
c. Complex (complete or holometabola)
Mouthparts
• Chewing or mandibulate: Orthoptera
• Sucking: All Hemiptera and
Siphonaptera
» Many other insects within the higher orders
Mandibulate: Chewing
Haustellate: Piercing-sucking
Wing Modifications
Elytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of beetles - Coleoptera
Wing Modifications
Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera
Wing Modifications
Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera
All insects with hemelytra have sucking mouthparts
Metamorphosis - change in form
Ametabola - no metamorphosis
Example: Silverfish - Thysanura
Simple (Gradual) Metamorphosis
Each stage looks like a
minature adult
Eample: true bug, Heteroptera
Complete (complex) Metamorphosis
•Immature is unlike the adult
•The largest & most diverse orders
have complete metamorphosis
Example: Tobacco hornworm, Lepidoptera
Internal Anatomy & Physiology
•
Digestive System
•
Respiratory System
•
Circulatory System
•
Nervous System
•
Reproductive System
Digestive System – Generalized Insect Gut
Foregut and Hindgut – derived from integument – lined w/ chitin
Midgut – single cell layer thick, all digestion/absorption in midgut
Malpighian tubules – equivalent to our kidney (N waste)
Drawing from Pedigo
Respiratory System
Cross section through an insect thorax
 Note – 1 cell layer thick midgut
 Trachea helps support organs – acts like mesentery
 Major tracheal trunks around key organ systems
Drawing from Pedigo
Insect Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles
Drawing from Pedigo
Tracheae
Respiration
Circulatory System
 Dorsal aorta – only ___________ and a series of
“hearts”
 Hemolymph (insect ____________)
 ____________ (=white blood cells)
Functions include:
1. Delivers fresh _____________ to brain
2. Hemolymph transports ________, hormones,
waste
3. Hemocytes involved in _____________ and form
a
primitive immune system (cellular and humoral)
4. Acts as ________ fluid to help extend limbs,
organs
NOTE: Hemolymph does ______ function in gas exchange
(O2, CO2)
Circulation of hemolymph in an open circulatory system
Hearts (Ostia)
From Elzinga, Fundamentals of Entomology
Insect Nervous System
Components
1. Brain
2. Paired ventral ganglia
3. Peripheral nerves
CNS
Drawing from Pedigo
Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreception
• Chemoreception
• Photoreception
Reflex Action
Nerve Transmission
Action Potential
Adult Female Aphid
Sensory Organs
1. Antennae
2. Compound eyes
3. Tip of mouth
(Labium)
Drawing from Minks and Harrewijn, 1987
Compound Eye
Reproductive Organs
Male
Female
Soybean Aphids are Parthenogenic:
All offspring are female, born
pregnant, give live birth
Birth rate: 3-8/day for 30 days
Generation time 7-10 days,
double in 2-3 days
Management implications
Resurgence (moderate kill)
Before spraying
Day 1
Day 3
Day 5
Day 7
1000 aphids
150
300
600
1200
Drawings from Minks and Harrewijn 1987
What is a Land-Grant Institution?
1. Established by an act of Congress in 1862, known as
the Morrill Act.
a. “Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which
may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts. …..an amount of public land …. equal to thirty thousand acres
for each senator and representative in Congress.”
b. Land sales funded establishment of the University of Minnesota.
c. Mandate was to: “…teach agriculture, military tactics, and the
mechanical arts as well as classical studies”.
2. Hatch Act – 1887, Established the Agricultural
Experiment Stations
3. Extension Service – Smith-Lever Act, 1914,
“In order to
aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and
practical information on subjects relating to agriculture…..”
PHYLOGENY OF MAJOR GROUPS OF INSECTS
Protura
Diplura
Collembola
Entognatha
(Hexapoda)
(Parainsecta)
Ectognatha
Archaeognatha
(Insecta)
Thysanura
Paleoptera
Dicondylia
Odonata
Ephemeroptera
Exopterygota
Orthopteroid
(9 orders)
Pterygota
Neoptera
Hemipteroid
(6 orders)
Endopterygota
Neuropteroid
(5 orders)
Mecopteroid
(5 orders)
Hymenopteroid
(1 order)
PHYLOGENY OF INSECT ORDERS
Order
Entognatha
(Parainsecta)
(Hexapoda)
Common Name
1.
2.
3.
Protura
Collembola
Diplura
Proturans
Springtails
Diplurans
4.
Archaeognatha
Jumping bristletales
5.
Thysanura
Silverfish
6.
7.
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Mayflies
Dragonflies & damselfli
Ectognatha (Insecta)
Dicondylia
Pterygota
Paleoptera
Neoptera
Exopterygota – “Orthopteroidea” ca. 25,000 species, 9 orders
8.
Plecoptera
Stoneflies (1,500)
9.
Embioptera
Webspinners (150)
10.
Blattodea
Cockroaches
11.
Mantodea
Mantids
12.
Grylloblattodea
Rock crawlers
13.
Dermaptera
Earwigs
14.
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers & Cricke
15.
Isoptera
Termites
16.
Phasmatodea
Walking Sticks
Exopterygota – “Hemipteroidea” ca. 90,000 species, 5 orders
17.
Zoraptera
Zorapterans
18.
Psocoptera
Booklice and barklice
19.
Phthiraptera
Chewing & sucking lice
20.
Hemiptera
Bugs, aphids, leafhoppers
Suborders: Heteroptera & Homoptera
21.
Thysanoptera
Thrips
Endopterygota (Holometabola) - ca. 700,000 species)
Neuropteroidea (5 orders)
22.
Megaloptera
Alderflies & Dobsonflies
23.
Raphidioptera
Snakeflies
24.
Neuroptera
Lacewings
25.
Coleoptera
Beetles
26.
Strepsiptera
Twisted-winged flies
Hymenopteroidea (1 order)
27.
Hymenoptera
Wasps, bees & ants
Mecopteroidea ( 5 orders)
28.
Mecoptera
Scorpionflies
29.
Siphonaptera
Fleas
30.
Diptera
Flies
31.
Trichoptera
Caddisflies
32.
Lepidoptera
Butterflies & moths