Caravaggio
<http://i43.tin
ypic.com/20 ac40z.jpg

• Church Strengths:
– Most of the population remained loyal to the Church 2
– Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well as splendor in rituals, art 1
– Support from poor by Church charity 1
• Church Weaknesses:
– Many areas of Europe turned Protestant 1
– Pope has limited power 1
– Need for organized, defined doctrine 1
• Church recognized need for reforms… 1
1 (Chambers)
2 (Sherman)

Map of Europe separated by each region’s religion
<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.
wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewom en.jpg?w=486&h=345>

• Previously, weak popes in Catholic
Church 1
• Pope Paul III is elected 1534 1
• Ultimate goal: strengthen papacy’s role in Church 1
Pope Paul III - Titian
<http://www.jssgallery.org/Other_Artist s/Titian/PortraitPopePaulIII.jpg>
• Proposes Church Council to organize Church 1 doctrine 
Council of Trent (1545) 1
• Roman Inquisition 1
• Added highly qualified members to College of Cardinals
(elects popes) to ensure succession of competent popes 1
• St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V 2
2
1 (Chambers)
(Pollen “The Counter-Reformation”)

• Not particularly pious
• Trained to become an apolostic notary - handles Church’s paperwork (“Pope Paul
III” -wiki, “Notarius”)
• Had a mistress (Sylvia Ruffini), several children (gave positions, ex: cardinal)
(“Pope Paul III”)
• **Interesting thought** - Pope Paul III embodied the “impious” papacy that began the Reformation
• Made Sublimus Dei – forbid slavery of native Americans, but instituted it elsewhere (“Sublimus
Dei”)
• Supported the arts
• Farnesse Palace (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)
• Had Michelangelo paint The Last
Judgement, continue St. Peter’s basilica
(“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)
The Last Judgement – Michelangelo http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/images/166/Christi anity/Michelangelo_Frescoe_Last_Judgement%20Sisten%20C hapel.jpg

• Consisted of Church leaders 1
– Italians (supported papacy) – were majority 1
– Non-Italians (wanted diluted religious authority) 1
• Met through 1545-1563 in Trent,
Italy 1
• Focused on clarifying Church practices 1
<http://catholicharboroffaithandmorals
.com/Council%20of%20Trent.jpg >
• To end doubt and ambiguity 1
• “For the peace and union of the Church; for the reformation of the Clergy and the
Christian people; for the…extinction of the enemies of the Christian name, -…the sacred…council of Trent…hath begun” (Weber 76).
• Attempts at curbing papacy’s luxurious lifestyle with reforms 2
• Thomas Aquinas’ ideas are central 1
1 (Chambers) 2 (“Counter-Reformation”)

2
• Aristotlean 1
• Philosophy is from pre-existing knowledge 1
• Used Five Ways to prove the existence of God 1
• Theology is to discover truths of
God through reasoning but the
Church offers the technical aspects 2
• Faith and reason combine in harmony 2
<http://www.biography.com/imported/images/
Biography/Images/Profiles/S/St-Thomas-
Aquinas-9187231-1-402.jpg>
1 (McInerny)
2 (“St. Thomas Aquinas”)

• Seven sacraments are unshakable (including transubstantiation) 2
• Bible is not enough, Church tradition is essential to faith 1
• Priest should be present in many rituals (ex: marriage) 1
• Concept of free will, with salvation reached through good deeds and faith 1
• Latin version of bible by St. Jerome is made holy 1
• Grand rituals encouraged  flowering of art 1
1 (Chambers)
2 (“Counter-Reformation”)

St. Teresa
<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
Fpau1jzLLvM/UHv5Mbt8yEI/AA
AAAAAABdo/29WssI_tpbxk/s1
600/St_TeresaAvila.jpg>
1 (Chambers)
2 (Zimmerman)
3 (Stein)
• Lived from 1515-1582, Spanish 2
• Beautiful and frivolous in her youth 3
• Sent to convent as a girl, became severely ill, God appeared in visions 1, 2
• Teresa gains followers, Church is concerned until Spanish king approves of her 1
• Teresa and her followers travel across
Spain building covenants 1

• Lived from 1491-1556, Spanish 1
• Born to a noble family, raised with chivalric, religious values 1
• Saw religion in chivalric, military views 1
• Believes in discipline, education (studied
11 years, attended universities) 2 Ignatius Loyola
<http://www.stigchurch.org/Assets/ignatius-portrait.jpg>
• Had 8-day long vision of an outline of Spiritual Exercises and the
Society of Jesus 1
• Loyola and followers approved by Paul III in 1538 as a religious order – The Society of Jesus 1
• "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical
Church so defines it” - Loyola 3
1 (Chambers) 2 (Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”) 3 (“Society of Jesus”)

• Revised multiple times 1
The Spiritual Exercises
<http://libraries.slu.edu/a/digita l_collections/spiritualjourneys/images/exercisestitle.jpg>
1 (Chambers)
2 (Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”)
• Discusses Church doctrines and how to live faithfully 1
• Requires 4-week long period to examine own faith, make connection to God 1
• Salvation is voluntary – there is free will, and good works that one does leads to salvation 1
• “Missions” – sections of The Spiritual
Exercises preached; popular in
England 2

•
– Mission Work 1
– Preaching 1
– Listening to confessions 1
– Teaching 1
<http://www.loyolapress.com/assets/fg_comp/137218_content.jpg>
• Schools became famously good, some Protestants enroll children who converted 1
•

1
•
1
1 (Chambers)

• Dramatic, passionate, to awe the audience 1
Examples:
• Caravaggio 1
• From idea of grandeur in Church image 1 • Rubens 1
• Used striking contrasts of light and dark 2
• Velásquez 1
• Sense of unity emphasized 2
• Bernini 1
• Council of Trent and Catholic Church want art to evoke religious piety 2
• Claudio Monteverdi
(music) 1
<http://www.n
yu.edu/classes
/gilbert/classic
/images/barorc hdetail.gif>
1 (Chambers)
2 (“Baroque”)

The
Ecstasy of St.
Teresa
<http:// castinet.
castilleja
.org/use rs/pmck ee/cultu re_civiliz ations/b ernini.ecstasy2
.jpg>
Bernini’s sculpture
Claudio Monteverdi composer, developed and architecture opera and orchestra 1
– Orfeo 1 (Toccata epitomized d’Orfeo: the Baroque http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=-
Period fH5zbdzV4k) qualities 1
The Calling of St. Matthew – Caravaggio
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co mmons/thumb/1/10/Caravaggio_-
_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg/300px-
Caravaggio_-
_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg>
Caravaggio used dramatic light and dark 1
1 (Chambers)
The Fall of Phaeton – Rubens 
<http://uploads7.wikipaintings.or
g/images/peter-paul-rubens/thefall-of-phaeton.jpg>
Rubens painted the magnificence of the
Church and faith 1

• Propaganda utilized by both
Reformation and Counter-
Reformation 1
– Both try to portray other as Devil 1
– Invention of printing press plays large part 1
• Catholics demonize Luther 1
• Song lyrics with certain words replaced used 1
– Distributed through pamphlets with pictures 1
1 (Hartmann)
Luther’s Game of Heresy
<http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jahar tmann/images/Propaganda_in_the_
Reformation.pdf>

• Inquisition restarted in
1542 1
– Harsh punishment for accused 1
The Room of the Roman Inquisition – Picart
<http://www.1st-artgallery.com/thumbnail/204435/1/The-Room-Of-The-
Roman-Inquisition,-1722.jpg>
• Index of Forbidden
Books in 1557 1
1 (Cline “Counter-Reformation”)
2 (Cline “Index of Forbidden Books (Index of Prohibited Books)”)
– Books considered heretical, have ideas different from Church, are banned 2
– Only ended in 1966 with Pope Paul VI 2

•
1
– Religious orders, like charities 1
1 (Chambers)
Baroque Women Fashion
<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroque women.jpg?w=486&h=345.>