Kingdom Plantae
Whisk ferns
Multicellular Algae
Bryophytes
The nonvascular plants
Club mosses
Early vascular plants
Ferns and Fern Allies
Horsetails
Tracheophytes
True ferns
Vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Seed plants
Angiosperms
Tracheophytes
Early vascular plants
(Ferns and fern allies)
Seed plants
(Gymnosperms and angiosperms)
• may reach more than a
meter in height
• contain vascular tissues
• tracheids in xylem
• phloem
• lignin-reinforced cell
walls
• with true roots, stems,
and leaves
http://yahyaaydin.edublogs.org/files/2012/06/vascular-system-1oiqdco.gif
Corn root
x.s.
Corn leaf
x.s.
Corn
stem x.s.
Corn
stem l.s.
http://www.emc.maricopa
.edu/faculty/farabee/biob
k/ZeaRootXS.gif,
http://imgc.artprintimages
.com/images/artprint/jack-bostrack-crosssection-of-a-corn-stemshowing-vascularbundles-zea-mays-amonocot-lm-x100_i-G-646453-58IH100Z.jpg,
http://www.visualphotos.c
om/photo/4x8923282/Cor
n_Leaf_Vascular_Bundle
s_42-18708022.jpg
,http://www.sbs.utexas.ed
u/mauseth/weblab/webch
ap7xylem/web7.2-1.jpg
Early vascular plants
Lycophyta
(Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)
Ferns and Fern Allies
Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)
• seedless
• leaves with waxy cuticles
• sporophylls with spores
arranged in sori (sing. sorus)
• depend on water for
reproduction and nourishment
• dominant diploid sporophyte
stage
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ardEXc55Vv4/S8JwWU7xbQI/AAAAAAAAAH4/FtPJLKeifB
o/s1600/Fern_labeled_MC_%5B1%5D.jpg
Pteridophyta
(True ferns)
http://www.tomifobia.com/gallerya/pix/fiddlehead_fern1.jpg, http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/100587/100587,1211843094,1/stockphoto-sori-on-the-underside-of-a-fern-frond-marginal-sori-characteristic-of-adiantum-13070203.jpg,,
http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/plants-images/fern-sor-01.jpg, http://www.backyardnature.net/n/09/090503sg.jpg
Ferns and Fern Allies
Taxonomy
Lycophyta
(Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)
Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)
Pteridophyta
(True ferns)
• whiskferns have
rhizoids with
mycorrhizae, stems,
and leaflike structures
• Psilotum
http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/45_0d6f53866162cdab6d2a37a3a3101ea9.jpg
Taxonomy
Lycophyta
(Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)
Ferns and Fern Allies
Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)
Pteridophyta
(True ferns)
• abundant on early earth
• first forests
• grew to 35m tall
• fossilized remains  coal
• extant species are club mosses
in moist places (Lycopodium)
http://www.twofrog.com/images/lycopodium98.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Lycopodium_saururus.JPG
Taxonomy
Lycophyta
(Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)
Ferns and Fern Allies
Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)
Pteridophyta
(True ferns)
• Equisetum
(horsetail/scouring
rush) only living genus
• can grow to a meter in
length
• leaves arranged in
whorls around stems
• contain abrasive silica
http://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg, http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg,
http://www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg
Taxonomy
Lycophyta
(Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)
Ferns and Fern Allies
Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)
Pteridophyta
(True ferns)
• since 350 mya
• true vascular tissues, strong
roots, underground stems
called rhizomes, large
leaves called fronds
• shade plants found in wet
habitats
• sporangia in clusters of sori
producing haploid spores
• released spores carried by
wind/water
http://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wpcontent/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg,
http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg,
http://www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_Plantae_Fig_f/24_16_Fern_LifeCycle.GIF
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperms
naked seeds
Angiosperms
seed plants
flowering plants with protected seeds
• water NOT required for gamete
fertilization!
• gametes in sporophyte
structures called flowers or
cones
• undergo pollination to transfer
sperm from male gametophyte
(in pollen grain) to female
gametes
• embryos contained within seeds
with stored food supplies
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/gymnosperms/other%20pines/JSC%209805&06%20male%20&%20female%20pine%20cones%203.JPG,
http://growit.umd.edu/vegetableprofiles/VegetableProfileImages/squash.mf.petals.jpg
http://www.uen.org/utahlink/tours/loadimg.cgi?p=/tour/14719/14719lr001135.gif
Taxonomy
naked seeds
Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Conifers
Welwitschia
• with vessel elements similar to
angiosperms
Gnetum
wikipedia.org , http://ephedraclaims.com/wpcontent/themes/thesis_17/custom/rotator/ephedra1.jpg
Taxonomy
naked seeds
Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Conifers
Cycas revoluta
• grow very slowly and are long-lived (~1000 years)
• palmlike plants with large cones
• plants are dioecious (plants have separate sexes)
http://www.hear.org/starr/images/images/plants/full/starr-080716-9529.jpg
Taxonomy
naked seeds
Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers
Ginkgo biloba
• “living fossil” with only one
extant member
http://www.arborday.org/trees/graphics/trees/162/162_md.jpg,, http://i.ebayimg.com/t/Spring-ValleyHerbal-Supplement-Ginkgo-Biloba-90-ct/00/s/MzAwWDMwMA==/$(KGrHqR,!jQE68o5+uJ1BO+Z!wKzwQ~~60_35.JPG
Taxonomy
naked seeds
Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers
• pine, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoia, redwood, yew, larch, cypress
• long and thin leaves with waxy cuticles and sunken stomates
http://sharon-taxonomy2009-p3.wikispaces.com/file/view/Life_Cycle_GS.gif/95529336/Life_Cycle_GS.gif
Monocots
Characteristics
Angiosperms
Flowering plants with
protected seeds
Dicots
• Appeared on land during the Cretaceous
period 135 mya
• Dominant and most diverse form of plants
• Reproductive organs called flowers with
ovaries that surround and protects seeds
• Ovaries  fruits (tissue surrounding seeds)
http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Flower.terms.jpg
http://www.biographixmedia.com/biology/tomato-flower-fruit.jpg
http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2009BIOL221/Study_guide2/monocot_dicot.jpg
http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/the-lifecycle-of-angiosperm-38618