Asterids – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Spring 2013
Fig. 8.1
Asterid characters
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Molecular data
Sympetalous corollas
Epipetalous stamens
Number of stamens = number of
petals
• Ovules with a single integument and a thin
nucellus (reduction from two integuments and a
thick nucellus)
• Iridoid compounds
Asterid characters
# stamens = # petals
Unitegmic,
tenuinucellate
ovules
Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens
Fig. 8.83
Asterid taxa
“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales – dogwoods
Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries
Lamiids
Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers
Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee
Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons
Campanulids
Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley
Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry
Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers
Core Asterids
Asterid taxa – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition
“Basal” Asterids:
Ericales: Ericaceae
(The Heath or Blueberry Family)
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Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North
America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded
habitats
Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking
chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral
Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera
Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a
cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted,
often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often
in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a
septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupe
Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence &
sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous
Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron
and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy
ornamentals
Family not required
Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)
Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-ecologically important in forests in
the Eastern U.S. and Eastern Asia
-the deciduous taxa are known as
azaleas
Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers
Asterid taxa – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition
Asterids -- Lamiids:
Gentianales: Apocynaceae
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(The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate
regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky
sap
Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera
Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or
tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to
the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to
the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petallike; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries
distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and
highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits
often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry
Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses
(w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs
Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar
periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium)
Family required
paired
fruits
anther views
separate
ovaries
G: stylar head
Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Vinca
Plumeria
Catharanthus
Apocynum
Thevetia
Nerium
oleander
corona
pair of pollinia
Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae)
Ceropegia
Hoya
Calotropus
Asclepias
Stapelia
Apocynaceae: Asclepias
-plants herbaceous, stems erect
to leaning
-leaves usually opposite, sometimes
alternate or whorled
-inflorescence an umbel
-corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies,
each usually with an incurved horn
but lacking a crest
-pollen in pollinia, the pollinia
suspended
-fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate
follicle, one of the pair often aborting
Asterids -- Lamiids:
Gentianales: Rubiaceae
(The Coffee or Madder Family)
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Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions
Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or
whorled
Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 genera
Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5,
connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5,
adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a
loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp
Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules)
Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug
obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit)
comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora
provide ornamentals
Family not required
Rubiaceae
interpetiolar stipules
Rubiaceae
Coffea
arabica
Pentas
Asterids -- Lamiids:
Solanales: Solanaceae
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(The Potato or Nightshade Family)
Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics
Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a
‘solanaceous smell’
Diversity: 2,450 species in 91-102 genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously
tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to
corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate,
oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary;
fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)
Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane
alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with
internal phloem
Special uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some
ornamentals (Petunia)
Family required; required genus: Solanum
Solanaceae diversity
Solanaceae: Solanum
-herbs or shrubs
-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous,
deeply lobed
-anthers forming a tube around
the style (connivent), with terminal
openings; filaments short
-fruit a berry, usually 2-locular
-ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Edibles:
•Cayenne pepper (Capsicum)
•Eggplant (Solanum)
•Green pepper (Capsicum)
•Red pepper (Capsicum)
•Potato (Solanum)
•Tomato (Solanum)
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Medicinal/toxic plants
~ Alkaloids!
•Belladona (Atropa)
•Henbane (Hyoscyamus)
•Jimson-weed (Datura)
•Nightshade (Solanum)
•Mandrake (Mandragora)
•Tobacco (Nicotiana)
Fig. 8.83
Lamiales
-gland-headed hairs
-diacytic stomates
-oligosaccharides (instead of starch)
-anther anatomy
-protein inclusions in the nuclei of
mesophyll cells
-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium
-molecular data
-ca. 22 families and 20,000 species
Major Families of Lamiales
• *Lamiaceae – mints
• Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs
• Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops, Indian
paintbrushes
• Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains,
penstemons
• Scrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts
*family required for recognition
Asterids -- Lamiids:
Lamiales: Lamiaceae
(The Mint Family; Labiatae)
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Cosmopolitan
Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa
Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in 236-238 genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate,
bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2
ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic,
superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an
indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or
drupelets
Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile
compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate
and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into
pseudowhorls (verticillasters)
Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum),
peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak
wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)
Family required
Lamiaceae
From
Zomlefer
•Corolla:
•zygomorphic
•sympetalous
•bilabiate
•Stamens:
•4, didynamous
•Ovary:
•epipetalous
•2-carpellate
•deeply 4-lobed
•4 locules
•Gynobasic style
•Schizocarp (4
nutlets)
Stachys
floridana
•Square stems (herbaceous taxa)
•Opposite leaves
•Inflorescence: false whorls
(verticils or verticillasters)
Lamiaceae
Nepeta
Monarda
Phytostegia
Note verticillate whorls
of flowers at each node
Ocimum
Rosmarinus
Clinopodium
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Condiments & perfumes:
•Basil (Ocimum)
•Lavender (Lavandula)
•Oregano (Origanum)
•Peppermint (Mentha)
•Rosemary (Rosmarinus)
•Sage (Salvia)
•Spearmint (Mentha)
•Thyme (Thymus)
Mentha
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Ornamental plants:
•Beautyberry (Callicarpa)
•Coleus (Coleus)
•Salvia (Salvia)
Other interesting Lamiales
Orobanchaceae
(hemi- and holoparasitic
plants)
Conopholis
(parasitic
on oaks)
Oleaceae
(olive family)
lilac
ash
olives
Pedicularis (often
parasitizes the heath family)
Castilleja (often parasitizes
grasses and various forbs
Other cool Lamiales
Bignoniaceae
Lentibulariaceae –
more carnivorous plants
Gesneriaceae