Tourism final
revision
OBJECTIVES
1. I can explain the social, economic and political causes of the
growth in tourism.
2. I understand that holiday destinations offer a variety of physical
and human attractions.
3. I can identify the different types of holiday.
4. I can explain the Butler model of resort development.
5. I can use a case study of the development of an EU resort related
to the Butler model - case study Benidorm, Costa Blanca, Spain.
6. I can explain the social, economic and environmental effects of
the growth of tourism in countries at different levels of
development
7. I can explain the negative effects of tourism
8. I can explain the positive effects of tourism
9. I can relate the various effects of tourism to a relevant case study
- Kenya (LIC) or Benidorm (HIC)
10. I understand what eco- tourism is
11. I can use a case of an eco-tourist destination to show how
tourism can protect the environment and benefit the local
community. Case study Asa Wright Nature Centre, Trinidad.
1. I can explain the social, economic
and political causes of the growth in
tourism.
Describe the pattern shown on the graph (4)
Things to remember:
Write a paragraph analysing the graph, using dates, numbers (millions) and
global regions in your answer. Try and look at the overall trends rather than
writing a detailed year-by-year account. Include some simple statistics, such as
the difference between 1950 and 2005 and percentage changes.
• It has increased approximately 70 times, from
about 10 million in 1950 to 700 million in
2000. Since around 1960 the rate of increase
has been fairly consistent, except for a short
period during the early 1980s.
• Europe remains the dominant international
destination, but there has been a significant
rise in the popularity of the Americas and Asia
and the Pacific. The Middle East and Africa
remain relatively insignificant.
2. I understand that holiday destinations offer
a variety of physical and human attractions.
Using only evidence from the images explain why
tourists may be attracted to these locations….
3. I can identify the different types
of holiday.
Types of
holiday…
Package holiday: a holiday in
which travel and
accommodation are put
together by a tour operator
and sold as a relatively cheap
package. Package holidays
encourage mass tourism
which is the large scale
movement of tourists to
popular destinations e.g. the
resort of Benidorm on the
Costa Blanca, Spain.
Other types of holiday
Adventure holidays: A holiday for the purpose of challenge, exploration,
skills development or thrills. Such holidays may involve an element of
risk e.g. bungee jumping, white water rafting and abseiling.
Backpacking holidays involve low cost, independent travel. These tourists
organise their travels themselves and tend to stay in budget
accommodation e.g. low cost hotels, hostels and campsites.
Eco-tourism holidays a form of tourism that tries to minimise the
environmental impacts of the tourists, by using local providers and
resources and by keeping the profits within the local area.
Educational holidays: holidays that involve learning how to cook, make
pottery or wine tasting
Wedding holidays: holidays that involve getting married in exotic
locations. Many tour operators will arrange a package tour that
includes a honey-moon and marriage ceremony.
4. I can explain the Butler model of
resort development.
Rejuvenation
Number of Tourists
Stagnation
Consolidation
Development
Involvement
Exploration
Time
Decline
5. I can use a case study of the
development of an EU resort related
to the Butler model.
Stage
Case study detail
Why there was the change
Pre 1950sexploration
Few hotels, people stayed in local
accommodation and used local restaurantsnatural beauty, fishing village
Global tourism was small scale.
Very expensive for most people.
Little tourist infrastructure
1950s- 1960sinvolvement
Some more locals began to be involved in
tourism, more hotels developed (2 beaches,
6200 residents)
Conversion of war planes to
tourist planes
1960s- 1970sDevelopment
Increase of infrastructure- hotels built.
Ownership transfers from locals to TNCs. More
people employed in tourism
Package holidays developedcheaper travel. More well
known destination
1970s- 1980s
Consolidation
Peak era for tourism in Benidorm. Tourism main
form of employment. Growth of infrastructure
such as high rise hotels (but little planning
control)
Tourism became more
accessible for more peoplecheaper, more free time etc..
1990s
Stagnation
Attracted a different type of tourist- larger
louts. Beaches crowded, a lot of the hotels
seemed old and run down. Loss of Spanish
culture
Mainly attracted people on
price (due to poor image).- very
cheap package holidays
Competition for newer resorts
2000s
rejuvination
Cleaner image- cleaned beaches- Blue Flag
award. Recycling of water etc Terra Mitica
Theme Park
Changed image- clean up
reputation wanted to attract
families again.
Model answer
Chosen study: Benidorm, Spain
Answer:
• Answer:
• Benidorm was at the exploration stage of the Butler model during the 1950s.
During this time British businessmen were seeking appealing locations abroad to
develop as holiday destinations for British tourists. This was beginning to happen
at this time as commercial air travel was becoming available and average incomes
in Britain were rising. By the late 1950s Benidorm progressed to the involvement
stage of the model when small numbers of tourists began arriving. The tourists
loved the sunshine and the peace and quiet and news of this spread. The
development stage of the model occurred during the 1960s when tourist numbers
rose rapidly as a result of tour operators offering cheap package holidays to the
area. Today, Benidorm is in the consolidation phase, it has transformed from a
small sleepy village into a pulsating urban area of skyscraper hotels and apartment
complexes. It has more or less reached peak numbers as there is little space to
expand. There is some evidence of stagnation because ‘larger louts’ are attracted
by cheap package holidays and many of the buildings are old, second rate and
ugly- there was poor planning when the resort developed and the scenery has
been blocked out. Benidorm has tried to rejuvenate by re-attracting families by
building a theme park –Terra Mitica and they received an EU blue flag for clean
beaches.
6. I can explain the social, economic and environmental
effects of the growth of tourism in countries at different
levels of development
7. I can explain the negative effects of tourism
8. I can explain the positive effects of tourism
9. I can relate the various effects of tourism to a relevant
case study e.g. Kenya/Benidorm
Effects of tourism for HICs and LICs (positive and negative)
Think about key terms and key case study details: e.g. Maasai, Amboseli National Park,
multiplier effect, stagnation, lager lout, package holidays, mass tourism, multinational
companies.
Effects of tourism: Kenya
(LIC)
Social
Economic
Environmental
Effects of tourism:
Benidorm (Costa Blanca)
Spain (HIC) p248 blue
textbook for more.
Kenya
10. I understand what ecotourism is
• Eco-tourism - a form of tourism that tries to
minimise the environmental impacts of the
tourists, by using local providers and resources
and by keeping the profits within the local area.
• Features of ecotourism:
• Aims to preserve special or precious areas as a
result of their wildlife, scenery, remoteness or
culture.
• To educate people to increase their
understanding and appreciation.
• Minimises impact on and damage to environment
and local community.
• Maximises local involvement – local control and
benefits.
11. I can use a case of an eco-tourist
destination to show how tourism
can protect the environment and
benefit the local community. Case
study Asa Wright Nature Centre,
Trinidad.
Case Study Asa Wright Nature Centre, Trinidad, West Indies.
• Aims to preserve special or precious areas as a result of their wildlife, scenery,
remoteness or culture.
Built in 1967 in the Upper Arima Valley which cuts into rainforest in the Northern
Ranges of the Island. It was built to preserve the fragile rainforest ecosystem
in the area. Species lists for this island are impressive, including 97 native
mammals, 400 birds, 55 reptiles, 25 amphibians, and 617 butterflies, as well
as over 2,200 species of flowering plants.
• To educate people to increase their understanding and appreciation.
The nature centre aims to promote public awareness of the importance of the
rainforest by allowing 2000 guests to visit a year. The tourists can use 5
designated trails within the area and local guides teach tourists about the
value of the wildlife in the area. The centre is of particular interest to
birdwatchers due to the 400 species that can be found including cuckoos,
toucans and parrots.
• Minimises impact on and damage to environment and local community.
Only 10% of the site is accessible to tourists. The remainder is protected so
wildlife is left undisturbed.
• Maximises local involvement – local control and benefits.
• Staff members are mostly local and are given education and training. They are
also offered interest free loans to help with building and renovating their
homes. Prevents leakage and creates a multiplier effect
• Examples of questions:
(2009) With the use of examples explain the strategies that can be
used when the stagnation stage is reached. (6)
2010 Explain why tourism has increased in the last 50 years. (3)
2010 Outline the ways in which tourism can have a negative impact on
the environment. Include examples in your answer. (4)
2010 Choose a study you have made of a holiday resort in the
European Union. Use the Butler model of resort development to
explain how the resort has
developed. (6)
2011 Describe what happens to a resort when it is at the stagnation
stage (Stage 5) of the Butler model. (4)
2011 Explain the negative impacts (effects) that tourism has had on an
area that you have studied. (4)
2011 Choose a study you have made of an eco-tourist destination.
Explain how eco-tourism can protect the environment and benefit the
local community. (6)