Integrating Concepts in Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 15:
Cells at the Ecological System Level
Section 15.1: Can parasites survive in more than one host species?
15.2 How do diseases spread?
15.3 What causes phytoplankton to produce a red tide?
Ethical, Legal, Social Implications 15.1: Should we seed the ocean with
iron to increase productivity and create a carbon sink?
Bio-Math Exploration 15.1: What happens to populations that grow too
fast?
15.4 How are soil microbes involved in nutrient cycling?
by
A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and
Chris Paradise
Red tide off the coast of Washington State
Figure UN15.1
Giardia lambla cells
Figure 15.1
Prevalence of diarrhea and Giardia in a human
population
# with diarrhea/#
tested
44/69
# with Giardia/#
tested
26/48
14/49
11/36
7/48
1/42
Giardia (+) family
members
Giardia (-) family
members
Giardia (+) child
5
15
Giardia (-) child
0
20
a.
day-care with outbreak
day-care with no
outbreak
surrounding
community
b.
Table 15.1
Percentage of clinical symptoms in children tested
for Giardia
Giardia (+)
Symptom
children (n=12)
Diarrhea
58
diarrhea for > 10 days
33
Flatulence
25
Fever
17
Vomiting
8
Cramps
8
weight loss
8
Nausea
0
diarrhea with blood or
0
mucus
Table 15.2
Giardia (-)
children (n=67)
27
5
3
9
9
3
3
6
4
p-value
<0.04
<0.01
<0.05
>0.05
>0.05
>0.05
>0.05
>0.05
>0.05
Percentage of children in day-care centers
with Giardia cysts and trophozoites.
Figure 15.2
Giardia infection
in rats
Figure 15.3
Distribution of Giardia lamblia cell types in gerbils
in four sections of the intestines
Figure 15.4
New cases of Giardia among a group of
campers
Figure 15.5
Summary data from campers suffering from
diarrheal outbreak
symptom
positive for Giardia
positive for bacterial pathogens
diarrhea
bloating, belching or flatulence
nausea
weight loss
abdominal cramps
loss of appetite
vomiting
fever
Table 15.3
% of ill campers
78.7
0
85.3
97.1
79.4
55.9
44.1
41.2
23.5
0
Prevalence of Giardia in beaver and nutria
captured in east Texas
Figure 15.6
A schematic representation of the SARS
coronavirus
Figure 15.7
SARS outbreaks in Guangdong Province,
China between 11/2002 and 2/2003
Figure 15.8
Antibodies against coronavirus in SARS and
control patients
patient condition
positive for antibodies
against SARS
coronavirus
atypical pneumonia paired samples 5-12 days
apart (n=22)
20 (91%)
atypical pneumonia single samples (n=33)
healthy adults (n=60)
28 (85%)
0
Table 15.4
Animal species tested for presence of SARS
coronavirus
Figure 15.9
Humans testing positive for antibodies against
SARS coronavirus isolated from a palm civet
human population
% testing positive for SARS
coronavirus antibody
wild animal traders (n = 20)
40
butchers (n = 15)
20
vegetable retailers (n = 20)
5
Table 15.5
Species that
tested positive
for human
SARS
coronavirus
Figure 15.10
Phylogenetic
analysis of spike
gene sequence of
coronaviruses
Figure 15.11
Nucleotide differences in the spike gene among
coronaviruses isolated from animals in a southern
Chinese market and from human SARS patients
Table 15.6
SARS cases by week of onset
Figure 15.12
Location of data
collection stations
along the coast of the
Yellow Sea
Figure 15.13
Nutrient
concentrations of
water sources
and nutrient
inputs into
coastal Yellow
Sea habitats
Figure 15.14
Percentage of total
toxic algal bloom
events that occurred
in each month
Figure 15.15
Harmful algal blooms in
Chinese coastal waters
Figure 15.16
Environmental
parameters
measured during
maximum bloom
of A. minutum
over three years
in an estuary
Figure 15.17
Changes in
cell densities
of A. minutum
during algal
bloom in an
estuary
Figure 15.18
Concentrations
and uptake
rates of
nutrients
before, during,
and after a
bloom of A.
minutum
Figure 15.19
Daily surface irradiance and % PAR at 1 m depth
before, during, & after A. minutum bloom
Figure 15.20
Bio-Math Exploration 15.1: What happens
to populations that grow too fast? IQs
• 15.1a: Assuming an initial population of P0 algae, write the
equation for the number of algae after one hour, if the population
triples each day. What if the population increases by 30%, or
350%, per day? How would your equations change if you had Pt
algae on day t, and wanted to know the number of algae on day
t+1?
• 15.1b: Examine the behavior of the population with the default
value of r = 1. What does this value of r mean is happening to the
population each day? Can you identify this graph as modeling a
type of growth you have seen before?
• 15.1c: Experiment with different values of r greater than 1 to see
if you can produce population growth patterns that are similar to
algal tides. What other patterns do you observe as r increases?
% mortality of different species in response
to exposure to cells of one of two
dinoflagellates at different concentrations
Figure 15.21
Documented
occurrences of
paralytic
shellfish
poisonings
associated with
algal blooms
Figure 15.22
Sampling locations for
A. fundyense and
shellfish toxicity
Figure 15.23
Density of Alexandrium cells and shellfish
toxicity scores for annual surveys
Figure 15.24
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Box 15.1
Should we seed the ocean with iron to increase
productivity and create a carbon sink? IQs
• Should humans consider this as a legitimate mitigation
strategy? Argue for or against iron fertilization of
oceans, based on science, as well as the projected
ethical, environmental and social impacts.
• If humans employ this strategy, who should be
allowed to do it? Should it be considered a for-profit
enterprise?
Experimental design of nitrogen study
Figure 15.25
Nitrogen content of aboveground portions of
crops
Figure 15.26
Source of nitrogen for three crops
Variable
faba bean
pea
barley
total nitrogen content
113.3
107.9
56.6
nitrogen fixation
93.7
73.4
0
soil nitrogen used
29.6
34.5
56.6
nitrogen conservation
23.4
18.5
--
Table 15.7
Soil N used and returned in three initial crops and
total N in harvested sorghum plants
Treatment
Soil N
used
N returned N returned Total N in
via roots via stalks
sorghum
faba bean roots
29.6
11.3
--
82.4
faba bean roots +
stalks
29.6
11.3
77.1
68.7
pea roots
34.5
10.8
--
74.5
pea roots + stalks
34.5
10.8
22.7
68.4
barley roots
53.0
5.7
--
41.3
barley roots +
stalks
53.0
5.7
29.2
51.8
Table 15.8
Root nodules
on peanut
Figure 15.27
Structure of
legume nodules
Figure 15.28
Nitrogen content of chickpea shoots
grown hydroponically
Figure 15.29
Response of chickpeas to two fertilizer
conditions or rhizobia inoculation
Figure 15.30
The nitrogen cycle
Figure 15.31
Accumulation of nitrite in bacterial cultures
provided with ammonium sulfate
Figure 15.32