Karin L. Lightfoot
Walden University
Objectives
Upon completion of the presentation, the viewer will be
able to:
1. Report the amount of bottled water consumption in
the United States.
2. Identify the governing agencies that regulate water
safety.
3. Discuss three environmental health concerns related
to bottled water.
4. State two ways that bottled water effects the
environment.
Drinking Water
 Water is vital for life (United States Department of Health and Human Services
Agency, 2009)
 Water comes from a variety of sources (United States Department of
Health and Human Services Agency, 2009)
 Stay hydrated for good health (United States Department of Health and
Human Services Agency, 2009)
References:
United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009).
Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from
http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image
library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Beliefs About Bottled Water
 Study participants believed bottled water had health
benefits (Ward et al., 2009)
 Main reason most people bought
bottled water was for convenience
(Ward et
Ward et al., 2009)
References:
Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H., Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S.
M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi:
10.1186/1471-24586/1471-2458-9-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from
http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Bottled Water Consumption
 Second most popular beverage purchased in the United
States
 Soft drinks are the most popular (United States Food and Drug
Administration, 2009)
 Americans drank over 9.1 billion gallons of bottled water in
2011 (International Bottled Water Association, 2012)
References:
United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections
are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows
significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows-significantgrowth-increasing-41-percent-2011
Safe Drinking Water
 Regulations (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009)
Community Water- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 Safe Drinking Water Act
Bottled Water- United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)
 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
References:
United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled
water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than
comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public
health image library. Retrieved from
http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
FDA Standards
 FDA regulates water source and bottling conditions
(United
States Food and Drug Administration, 2009)
 FDA standards mostly similar to EPA standards (United
States Government Accountability Office, 2009)
 Differences include info shared with consumers and
standard levels for DEHP (potentially harmful
compound used in plastics) (United States Government Accountability
Office, 2009)
References:
United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety of bottled water beverages.
Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM239631.pdf
United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are
often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
BPA
 Bottled water is often packaged in plastic bottles (United
States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012)
 BPA is a chemical found in plastics (National Toxicology Program, 2010)
 Widespread exposure (National Toxicology Program, 2010)
 Health concerns (National Library of Medicine, 2012; National Toxicology Program,
2010)
References:
National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from
http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69
National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm
Protection from BPAs
 Reduce risk of leaching (Cheng, Adams, & Ma, 2010)
 Avoid heat
 Wash containers prior to use
 Use of Non-BPA Containers (Cooper, Kendig, & Belcher, 2010)
 Stainless steel or aluminum water bottles
References:
Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading out from
recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research
International, 17(7), 1323-30.
Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable
plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947.
Cryptosporidium
 Parasite
 Common water-borne illness (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2011a)
 Causes gastro-intestinal illness (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2011a)
 Risk to immune compromised (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2012)
 Not all processing effective against Crypto (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 101o; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012)
References:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=htt
p%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from
http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Fluoride
 Fluoride protects oral health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
 Not all bottled water contains fluoride
 Read the label
 Be cautious of dental fluorosis

A discoloration in the teeth
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011b;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c)
References:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=http%3A%
2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Dental fluorosis. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from
http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Energy Use
 Imagine a water bottle…. (National Geographic Kids, n. d.)
 Energy required to process and deliver bottled water
(Gleick & Cooley, 2008)
 Estimated 2000 times energy needed for tap water (Gleick &
Cooley, 2008)
 Between 32 to 54 Million barrels of oil
(Gleick & Cooley, 2008)
References:
Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water.
Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009.
Retrieved from http://iopscience.iop.org/17489326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health
image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Reducing Plastic Bottle
Waste
 Recycling
 Not all plastic bottles are recycled

(United States Food and Drug Agency, 2012; National Geographic Kids, n. d.,
International Bottled Water Association, 2012)
 Alternate options
 Tap verses Bottled Water (Food & Water Watch. 2007)
References:
Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from
http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf
International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth,
increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottledwater-shows-significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011
National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap? Retrieved from
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottle-pollution/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm
References
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). Parasites cryptosporidium
also known as crypto. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride.
Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC56




4.node1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2F
bottled_water.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Fluorosis. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). A guide to commerciallybottled water and other beverages. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/bottled.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library.
Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp
Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading
out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research International, 17(7), 1323-30.
References
 Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A






released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles.
Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947.
Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from
http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf
Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water.
Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009. Retrieved
from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf
International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water
shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-showssignificant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011
National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap?
Retrieved from
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottlepollution/
National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from
http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69
National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf
References
 United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009).
Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from
http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm
 United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved
from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm
 United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety
of bottled water beverages. Retrieved from
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM2396
31.pdf
 United States Government Accountability Office. (2009). Bottled water. FDA
and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA
protections for tap water. Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
 Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H.,
Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S. M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a
qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi: 10.1186/1471-24586/1471-24589-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196