Lighting
Technologies
Applications
Energy Consumption
MAE 406 / 589
John Rees, PE, CEM
Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM
September 13, 2010
LIGHTING
FUNDAMENTALS
The 3 Pillars of
Energy Efficient Lighting
Visual
Visual Task
Task
WATTS
LUMENS
FOOTCANDLES
Meet target light
levels
Efficiently produce
and deliver light
Automatically
control lighting
operation
Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!
3
Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination
• Light Output.
– Measured at the lamp surface.
– Measured in lumens.
• Illuminance or Light Level.
– Measured at the working surface.
– Measured in foot-candles.
• Luminance or Brightness.
– Measured at an angle to the working surface.
– Measured in footlamberts.
Targeted Illumination Levels
• Targeted illumination level is determined by:
– Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size).
– Ages of the occupants.
– Importance of speed and accuracy.
Recommended Illumination Levels
Activity
Illumination
Footcandles
Offices: Average Reading and Writing
Offices: Hallways
50-75
10-20
Offices: Rooms with Computers
Auditoriums / Assembly Places
Hospitals: General Areas
20-50
15-30
10-15
Labs / Treatment areas
50-100
Libraries
Schools
30-100
30-150
Quality of Illumination
• Quality of illumination may affect worker
productivity.
• Quality is affected by:
– Glare. Too bright.
– Uniformity of illumination.
– Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
• Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)
– Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.
• Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish);
5000 is cool or “daylight”.
Color Rendering Index
(CRI)
A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source
match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the
reference source.
85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition
75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition
65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition
55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition
0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition
Color Temperature (K˚)
A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source.
≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum
≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum
3500K = “neutral”
5000K = “Daylight”
North Sky - 8500K
Color
Temperature
Scale
Daylight Fluo - 6500K
Cool White - 4100K
Halogen – 3100K
Warm White - 3000K
Incandescent – 2700K
HPS - 2100K
10
Color Rendition
cool source is used
warm light source is
neutral light source is
enhancing blues and
used, enhancing reds
used
greens
and oranges
Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index
(CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object
appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are
revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.
Efficiency
• Lighting efficiency is expressed as lumens
output/wattage input.
– Ranges from 4 to 150 lumens/watt.
• Show overhead.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
• As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of
output.
• Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of
output over their life.
• New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of
original lumens.
• This depreciation must be accounted for when
installing new lighting system.
LIGHTING
TYPES
Luminaires
• Luminaire = Lighting fixture
– Lamps
– Lamp sockets
– Ballasts
– Reflective material
– Lenses, refractors, louvers
– Housing
• Directs the light using reflecting and shielding
surfaces.
Luminaires (cont’d)
• Luminaire Efficiency
– Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually
exits the fixture.
– Types of luminaires
• Direct (general illumination).
• Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall
washers”).
• Spot/Accent lighting.
• Task Lighting.
• Outdoor/Flood Lights.
Types of Lighting
•
•
•
•
•
Incandescents/Halogens.
Fluorescents.
High Intensity Discharge (HID).
Inductive.
Light Emitting Diode.
Incandescent Lamps
• One of the oldest
electric lighting
technologies.
• Light is produced by
passing a current
through a tungsten
filament.
• Least efficient – (4 to 24
lumens/watt).
• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
Incandescent Lamps (cont’d)
• High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)
• Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
• Inexpensive
• Excellent beam control
• Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
• Immediate off and on
• No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
• 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away per 2007 law
beginning 2012
Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps
• A type of incandescent
lamp.
• Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz capsule
filled with halogen gas.
• Halogen gas combines with
the vaporized tungsten and
redeposits it on the
filament.
• More efficient.
• Lasts longer (up to 6,000
hrs.)
Fluorescent Lamps
• Most common commercial lighting
technology.
• High Efficicacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.
• Improvements made in the last 15 years.
– T12: 1.5 inch in diameter.
– T8: 1 inch in diameter.
• ~30% more efficient than T12.
– T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
• ~40% more efficient than T12.
Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Configurations
– Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)
– Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft.
fixture).
– Circular (rare, obsolete).
– Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1
lamp per fixture.
• Output Categories
– Standard Output (430 mA).
– High Output (800 mA).
– Very High Output (1,500 mA).
Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp
Phosphor crystals
Mercury atom
Electron
Electrode
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
• Fluorescent lamp that is
small in size (~2 in.
diameter, 3 to 5 in. in
length).
• Developed as replacement
for incandescent lamps.
• Two Main Types
– Ballast-integrated.
– Ballast non-integrated (allows
only lamp to be replaced).
Compact Fluorescent
•Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent
•Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
•Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
•Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
•Long Life (generally 10,000 hours –
lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)
•Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)
•Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Use ¼ the power of an
incandescent for an
equivalent amount of
light. (an 18-watt CFL is
equivalent to a 75-watt
incandescent.)
• 10,000 hour life. (10x
an incandescent).
• Saves about $30 over
the life of the CFL.
Ballasts
• Auxiliary component that
performs 3 functions:
– Provides higher starting
voltage.
– Provides operating voltage.
– Limits operating current.
• Old type ballasts were
electromagnetic.
• New ballasts are electronic.
– Lighter, less noisy, no lamp
flicker, dimming capability).
Ballast Factor
•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lampballast combination
•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor
(1.00-1.30)
Increases output
AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor
(0.85-0.95)
Comparable light output in
one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor
(0.47-0.83)
Decreases light output
AND energy consumption
•For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.
•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor
that provides target illuminance.
Ballast Circuit Types
• Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with
higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten
lamp life.
• Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start;
supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to
starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4
watts more than an instant start ballast.
• Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5 seconds
to start; starting current heats the filament prior to
starting, then cuts off during operation.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Fixtures
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
• produces light by
means of an electric arc
between tungsten
electrodes housed
inside a translucent or
transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina
(ceramic) arc tube filled
with special gases.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
(cont’d)
• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases
and metal salts.
• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay
applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting,
parking decks, street lights.
• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up
to full light after power outage.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
(cont’d)
• Types of HIDs
– Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)
– Sodium Vapor
• High pressure
• Low pressure
– Metal Halide
• Arc tube contains argon,
mercury, and metal
halides.
• Gives better color
temperature and CRI.
Metal Halide Lamps
• Most common HID in use today.
• Recent Improvements.
– Allow higher pressure & temperature.
– Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen
maintenance.
– Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
– Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Latest Lighting Technology.
• Invented in 1962.
• In the past, used as indicator lights,
automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being
introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.
• LED is a semiconductor technology.
• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine
with holes in the semiconductor, releasing
photons.
Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d)
• Lower energy
consumption.
• Longer lifetime (50,000
to 100,000 hrs).
• Smaller size.
• Faster switching.
• Greater durability and
reliability.
• Cycling.
• Dimming.
LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft.
Fluorescent Fxture
Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent
Lamp
Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8
Lumens, initial
CRI
Color Temperature
Life Expectancy 12 hrs per
start / 3 hrs per start
Light output at 0° C
EverLED-TR
Popular T8 Brand
Fluorescent
22W
34W
Equivalent
2850
85
85
5000K
5000K
10 years 10
years
20000 hours 16000
hours
20% increase
50% decrease
LED Applications
Successfully used today for many markets
• Signs & Traffic signals (most common)
• Displays (change colors for attention)
• Exit Signs (most common)
• Indicators and Flashlights
• Under Counter & Coves
• Accent
• Parking Garage & Outdoor
• Downlights
• Food Freezers
LED vs. HPS
41
Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide
Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W
Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W
42
Induction Lights
• Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred
from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic
fields.
• Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite
phosphor coating on lamp to glow
• Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000
hours depending on the lamp model;
• High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt
[higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
• High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic
ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;
• Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared
to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;
• “Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in
commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp,
Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
• Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less
mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long
lifespan.
Induction Lighting
Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite
phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Advantages:
• QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each
day will last 20 years!
• Good for hard to maintain locations
Disadvantages:
• Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it
inefficient for delivered and task lumens
• Expensive - $200+ adder to HID
• No industry standards for Induction
Induction Applications
• Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or
difficult
• 24 hour a day.7 days a week applications
• Bridges
• Low Bay Industrial
• Select Outdoor Lighting Applications
• Long burning hour applications
Exit Signs
• Old incandescent exit signs used
(2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.
– At $0.08/kWh, energy cost for
1 sign = $28/yr.
• CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts
– Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to
$8.50/yr.
• LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts
– energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to
$4/yr.
• Photoluminescent sign uses 0
watts, but may have (slightly)
radioactive material.
– New technology claims
completely non-toxic and
recyclable.
Outdoor Lighting
• Older technology for
outdoor lighting
– High pressure sodium
– Metal Halide
• Newer technology
– Compact fluorescents
– LEDs
• Solar street lights
(economical when electric
lines don’t need to be run
in a new installation).
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Hazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the Federal
Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the
disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials,
such as batteries and pesticides
State Rule supersedes Federal Rule
Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps (fluorescent, HID)
may be hazardous waste
The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is
hazardous.
Mercury Content of Lamps
TYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS
250 watt Metal Halide lamp
250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp
Pre 1988 T12 Fluorescent
Post 1988 T12 Fluorescent
12 mg
Typical T8 Fluorescent Tube
Typical Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
38 mg
15 mg
45 mg
4-5 mg
4-5 mg
4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while
producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent
lamp.
Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!
EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury
into the environment.
EPA encourages lamp recycling
LIGHTING
ECONOMICS
$$
• Simple Payback
• Return on Investment (ROI)
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Net Present Value (NPV)
LIGHTING
ECONOMICS
$$
Simple Payback
Return on Investment
(ROI)
Internal Rate of Return
(IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Simple Payback Examples
Simple Payback
Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving
measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not
account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the
savings that occur after the payback point.
Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.
For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year
payback.
Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private
companies.
SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS
Return on Investment - ROI
ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the
qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the
time value of money and also it does not consider the
savings that occur after the payback point. It is
sometimes called Rate of Return.
ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared
to other investment yields.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)
IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of return
at which a project’s NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cycle
cash flows and time-value of money, but the percentages
alone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one
alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well.
IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value of
zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressed as
an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less than the
IRR for a project is a “yes” decision (i.e. the IRR is greater
than the cost of capital).
Net Present Value ($)
•NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future
cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash
flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one
lighting alternative over another. The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the
alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by
applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.
Example: Simple Payback & ROI
A lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a year and
cost $25,000. What are the simple payback and return on
investment (ROI)?
Simple payback
ROI
= Cost / Annual Savings
= $25,000 / $5,000
= 5 years
= 1 / Simple Payback
= 1/5
= 20%
Example: Energy & Cost Savings
Existing lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists of 10 fixtures
containing ten 4’, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that consume 154 watts of
electrical power. At $0.09/kWh, what is the annual cost of operating
these fixtures 2,000 hours a year?
10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 3,080 kWh
3,080 x $0.09
= $2,772 per year
These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt T8 lamps with
low BF ballasts which only consume 89 watts per fixture. What is the
annual cost of operation?
10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 1,780 kWh
1,780 x $0.09
= $1,602 per year
Cost savings
= $1,170 per year
Other Benefits from
Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
• Longer Lamp Life
•Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
• Adjust to target light levels (IES)
• Improved Controls
• HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
• Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions
• Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs
HVAC Savings from a
Lighting Retrofit
•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
• A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
• A cost when heating is on
•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
• Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
• Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC
Change from Old to New
and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY
=>
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
• Magnetic Ballasts
• Electronic Ballasts
• Incandescent
• Halogen IR, MH & LED
• Halogen
• Metal Halide and LED
• Probe Start Metal Halide
and Mercury Vapor
• Pulse Start and
Ceramic Metal Halide
• Neon
•LED
• Manual Controls
•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and
Continuous Dimming Systems
Ballast Factor
•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lampballast combination
•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor
(1.00-1.30)
Increases output
AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor
(0.85-0.95)
Comparable light output in
one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor
(0.47-0.83)
Decreases light output
AND energy consumption
•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor
that provides target illuminance.
Energy Savings Potential With
Occupancy Sensors
Application
Energy Savings
Offices (Private)
25-50%
Offices (Open Spaces)
20-25%
Rest Rooms
30-75%
Corridors
30-40%
Storage Areas
45-65%
Meeting Rooms
45-65%
Conference Rooms
45-65%
Warehouses
50-75%
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Savings can be determined with data
logger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks
Types of Lighting Controls
– Occupancy Sensors
– Bi-level Switching
– Time Clock
– Photo Sensors
– Lighting Control Systems
Occupancy Sensors
•Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied
•Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay
•Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable
operation
•Ask manufacturer about load limits and compatibility with electronic ballasts
•Some are low voltage sensors and use a power pack that acts as 1) a switch
and 2) a transformer (120V to 240V)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
•Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones
•Line-of-sight is required (30’ max)
•Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance
•Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor
•Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers
Ultrasonic Sensors
•Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflected ultrasonic frequency
pattern
•Line-of-sight is not required if hard surfaces exist in enclosed space
•Most sensitive to motion toward/away from sensor
•Sensitive to air movement vibration
Ultrasonic Wall Sensor
• Automatic Control
• Use in areas where there are
• large periods of unoccupied time
• Excellent for bi-level control to
• maximize energy savings
• Does not require direct line of
sight
• Adjust sensitivity and time delay
• for best results
Dual-Technology Sensors
•Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing
technologies
•Typical operation settings:
•IR and US signals for lights to turn on
•IR or US signals for lights to stay on
•Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
• Lighting electrical
savings are possible
while improving
lighting comfort!
Benefits from
Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
•
•
•
•
Improved Color Rendition/Visibility
in Space
•
Improved Controls
•
HVAC Savings
•
Tax Incentives
•
Incentive from Utility Rebate
Programs
Less Maintenance
Adjust to target light levels (IES)
Longer Lamp Life
HID Upgrade to Fluorescent Lamps
• 400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input
• 6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts
Older Lighting Technology Subject
to be Changed Out
•T-12 Fluorescent-4’ and 8’ Systems
•Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
•Incandescent
•Standard Metal Halide
•Mercury Vapor
•Neon
•Manual Controls
New Energy Efficient Lighting
Replacements
•T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
•Electronic Ballasts
•Halogen
•Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
•LED
•Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
•New Fixtures
Change from Old to New
and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY
=>
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
• Magnetic Ballasts
• Electronic Ballasts
• Incandescent
• Halogen IR, MH & LED
• Halogen
• Metal Halide and LED
• Probe Start Metal Halide
and Mercury Vapor
• Pulse Start and
Ceramic Metal Halide
• Neon
•LED
• Manual Controls
•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and
Continuous Dimming Systems
Fluorescent Change-out
•Existing: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F34T12CWES lamps and EE magnetic
ballasts – lowest efficiency allowed by code today.
•Replacement: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F32T8/835 lamps and electronic
ballasts BF=0.88 (standard BF)
•What is wrong with this energy efficient change-out?
We did not use correct new technology to Maximize
Energy Savings and meet target light levels!
•Best options for replacing 34-watt T12 fluorescent systems:
•Low Power electronic ballasts (BF=0.78)
•Energy saving 4’ lamps (30,28, or 25w)
•Less lamps per fixture (3 instead of 4)
•Minimal additional cost and can Lock-in maximum energy savings with low
power ballasts and fewer lamps per fixture
•Use with Extra Performance or Energy Savings lamps ad correct ballast factor
to meet target light levels and maximize energy savings!
“Super T8” Fluorescent System
•Older T8s called “700 series”
•Newer Super T8s called “800 series”
•3000K, 3500K, or 4100K versions
•30,000 hour lamp life @ 3 hours per start
•3100-3150 initial lumens
•Universal Voltage (120-277V)
•4-foot lamp: 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)
•95% lumen maintenance @ 8000 hours
•Low Temperature Starting (0˚F)
•Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years
•85 CRI
•Program Start Ballasts
•TCLP-compliant
Instant Start Super T8 vs. Standard T8
• 800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with
standard ballasts
•19% reduction in power
•Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)
•Maximum life on occupancy sensors
25 Watt T8 Advantage Long Life Lamp
from Philips Lighting
•Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on
Optanium™ Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12
hours per start on Optanium™ Programmed Start Ballasts)
•2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance
•Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)
•Low mercury (Philips ALTO® lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001
industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP
compliant) 1.7 mg Mercury per 4’ lamp
Fluorescent Lamp/Ballast Change-out
vs. New Fixture “Rules of Thumb”
•Install new fixtures when:
•Existing fixtures are over 20 years old
•Lamp holders are worn out
•Multiple components are failing
•Design requires change in fixture type
•Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:
•Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old
•Lamp holders and other components are still good
•Budget is very tight
•Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present
(i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)
T5 and T5HO Systems
•One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps
(4750 vs. 4669 maintained lumens)
•Maintained lumens are higher – fixtures are smaller
•Peak light output at 95˚F ambient air temperature instead of 77˚F with
T8 and T12
•Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen
output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!
T5 and T5HO
Systems
•Disadvantages
• T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s
• The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in
using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.
• Costs higher than T8 – cost can be balanced by a reduction in the
number of luminaries used.
• Lead times may be longer – T5s require compete fixture replacement.
• In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may
not perform well (peak light output at 95 °F).
• May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up
with cold start.
T5HO vs. T8 Application Rules of
Thumb
•≤ 20’ – use T8
•≥ 20’ – use T5HO
•18’ to 25’ – either T8 or T5HO can be used successfully
•Over 50 types of 4’ T8 lamps available
•Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO
•To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use high-lumen/high performance
T8 lamps
•Typical T8 electronic ballast factors range from 0.72 to 1.2.
T5HO vs. T8 for Warehouse Aisles Rule
of Thumb
•In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-airconditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.
•Reason: Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is 35
degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).
Source: Warehouse aisle lighting – p. 16 – LD&A Feb 2009article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES
HVAC Savings from
Lighting Retrofit
•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
•A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
•A cost when heating is on
•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
•Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
•Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC
An Increase in Quality Can Improve
Worker Productivity
• 1% increase in productivity is
about equal to one sick day
• Improve employee satisfaction
and reduce
turnover/replacement expenses
for new employees.
• Improves Company bottom line
• Indirect Lighting is preferred by
many today!
What’s the Most Efficient Light
Source?
Daylighting Advantages
Excellent light source for almost all interior
spaces – offices, homes, retail, schools
and more; People prefer it!
Field research indicates that with
daylighting:
• Learning is enhanced
• Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart
study)
• Employee satisfaction increases
Energy Savings is realized when controls
are used
Conducting a Lighting Survey
Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? – to identify improvement opportunities. It is a
systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.
Step 1 – Establish a base line of performance
Step 2 – Identify opportunities for improvement
Step 3 – Calculate savings and potential payback
The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on
steps 2 and 3
Suggestions for a Lighting Survey
•Ask the right questions to meet the client’s goals
•Gather ALL the right information
•Don’t assume – check the existing equipment to obtain accurate
information
•Determine Economic Calculations Required
•Is a test installation needed?
•Lighting Fixtures
•Controls
•Consider all drivers to reduce the payback
•Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template
Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey
• Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available
• Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year
• Tasks being performed in each area – Talk to occupants in the area
• Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and
control of fixtures in each space
• Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space
•Circuit Voltage
• Exit signs (light source)
• Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the
level and quality of lighting
• Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.
LEGISLATION
AFFECTING THE USE OF
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Energy Legislation and Incentive Programs
for Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficiency
• Energy Policy Act of 2005 – EPAct 2005
• North Carolina Tax Credits
• North Carolina Senate Bill 3 – Renewable Energy
Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
• Utility Incentives – Progress Energy, Duke Energy
• American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009,
ARRA or Stimulus Package
• NC Greenpower
Highlights of the Federal
Energy Policy Act of 2005
 30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or
photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000
 Does not apply to pool heating systems
 30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient
windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and
insulation
 Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for energy
efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.
EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions
The Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a
tax deduction of up to $1.80/ft2 for energy efficiency in
commercial buildings. These tax deductions can be
claimed in a single year. Systems covered include:
Interior lighting systems
Max. $0.60/ft2
Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems
Max. $0.60/ft2
Building envelope
Max. $0.60/ft2
EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions
To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following
must be met:
• Surpass the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 LPD Standard
• Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions
identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the
Standard must be met.
• Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels
as set forth in the 9th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook.
• Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify
EPAct 2005 Critical Dates and
Proposed Increase in Tax Deduction
For commercial (for profit) enterprise
Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required
amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and
December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.
Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to
$3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per
square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).
NC Tax Credit Summary
Renewable Technology
Biomass
Residential
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
Non-residential
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
Hydroelectric
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipment
for Domestic Water
Heating
Solar Energy Equipment
for Active Space Heating
35%
$1,400 Per Dwelling Unit
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipment
for Combined Active
Space and Domestic Hot
Water Systems
Solar Energy Equipment
for Passive Space Heating
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
Solar Energy Equipment
for Daylighting
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipment
for Solar Electric or Other
Solar Thermal Applications
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
Wind
35%
$10,500 Per Installation
35%
$250,000 Per Installation
The Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007 (EISA)
President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07
Lighting Sections include:
Sec. 321 – Efficient Light Bulbs
Sec. 322 – Incandescent Reflector Lamp
Efficiency Standards
Sec. 324 – Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures
Sec. 65 – Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes
Maximum Wattages
and Efficiency Requirements
There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as
a new maximum wattage.
Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by 2012-2014, with larger
lamps covered first.
Compliance: Today’s typical incandescent and halogen general service screwbase lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.
Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:
January 1, 2012 – 100W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2013 – 75W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2014 – 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lamps
Dates and Replacement Lamps
January 1, 2012 70W Halogen rated at 1600 lumens, or 23 lumens/W
January 1, 2013 50W Halogen rated at 1100 lumens, or 22 lumens/W
January 1, 2014 40W Halogen rated at 800 lumens, or 20 lumens/W
DOE 2009 Ruling
Effective 7/14/2012 (in 2 years)
These lamps will be obsolete:
Majority of F40T12 and F34T12 ES 4-ft. lamps
Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12 ES 2-ft. U-lamps
All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps
All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps
All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires 2850 to pass)
Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamps
Older Lighting Technology Subject
to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent - 4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls
New Energy Efficient Lighting
Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures
North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3)
Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources.
Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency.
• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Hydroelectric
• Wave Energy
• Biomass
• Landfill Gas (LFG)
• Waste Heat from
Renewables
• Hydrogen from
Renewables
Year
Percent of
Total
2012
3%
2015
6%
2016
10%
2021 & thereafter
12.5%
Renewable Portfolio Standards
www.dsireusa.org / November 2009
WA: 15% by 2020*
MT: 15% by 2015
☼ OR: 25% by 2025
(large utilities)*
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase
in retail sales by 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
MN: 25% by 2025
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW
ND: 10% by 2015
WI: Varies by utility;
10% by 2015 goal
☼ NV: 25% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020
IA: 105 MW
(IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
CA: 33% by 2020
UT: 20% by 2025*
KS: 20% by 2020
(Class I Renewables)
RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
WV: 25% by 2025*†
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
☼ DC: 20% by 2020
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025
+ 1% annual increase
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
New RE: 10% by 2017
☼ MA: 15% by 2020
by 2015*
SD: 10% by 2015
ME: 30% by 2000
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
HI: 40% by 2030
29 states
& DC
have an RPS
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
*†
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
6 states have goals