Ski resort and environment:
an efficiency analysis.
Olga Goncalves, CAEPEM, U. de Perpignan
Hélène Michel, IREGE, ESC Chambéry
Nicolas Peypoch, CAEPEM, U. de Perpignan
Elisabeth Robinot, IREGE, U. de Savoie
TTRA, Archamps, 2011
Ski resort and environment: an efficiency analysis.
Presentation Contents
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Data
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusion
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis. 1. Introduction
Context :
 France is among the top three ski nations
in the world.
 Several professionnals considered this
activity as mature cash-generating business
 New challenges :
 New competitors (Montenegro, Slovania..)
 Aging of equipment
 Environmental pressures
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis. 1. Introduction
Research Questions :
 Are ski resorts technically efficient or not?
 Is ski resort efficiency driven by “green” actions?
 Which ones?
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis
2. Theoretical Framework
Ski resorts management :
- Necessity to adopt new environmental management systems :
Williams and Todd, 1997; Singh, 2008.
- Lack on tools based on benchmarking : Hudson and Shephard, 1998;
Ormiston, Gilbert and Manning, 1998.
Environment and ski resort management:
- Social perspectives : Laguna and Lansata 2003; Lasanta et al., 2007; Palmer and
Mathel, 2010 ; Walpole and Goodwin, 2000.
- Environmental damages : Tsuyuzaki 1994 ; Falk 2009; Beyazi and Koc 2010.
-Benefit to adopt environmental initiatives : Williams and Todd ,1997;
Flagestad and Hope, 2001 ; Ritchie and Crouch, 2005.
Ski resort and environment: an efficiency
analysis
2.
Theoretical Framework
 Two-step Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) procedure
- 1st stage : ski resort efficiency evaluation
- 2nd stage : regression analysis of determinants of efficiency
(environmental factors)
1st stage: Efficiency measurement
2.
-Data Envelopment
Analysis
Output
Theoretical Framework
Efficient frontier
• Non parametric approach
C
A
• Efficiency measurement
B
A set T
Possibility
-Decision Making Units
-(DMU)
•
Input
1st stage: Efficiency measurement
Returns to scale : CCR and BCC model
2.
Output
Theoretical Framework
Modèle CCR
A’
Modèle BCC
• CCR model: Charnes, Cooper
and Rhodes (1978)
• BCC model: Banker, Charnes
and Cooper (1984)
A’’
A
Input
Data 1st stage
3. Data
INPUTS
- Number of slopes
- Days of opening
- Permanent employement
- Seasonal employement
- Beds
- Parking spaces
DMU
OUTPUTS
- Turnover
- Number of skier days
- Ski-lift traffic
 38 ski resorts analysed
 Output orientation: How much the quantity of output can be proportionally increased
without changing the amount of input used?
 Returns to scale : Constant returns to scale (CCR) and Variable returns to scale (BCC)
Ski resort and environment: an efficiency analysis.
3. Methodology and data
Data
nd
2
stage
3. Data
Indicators:
 Transport (Easy access, sustainable mobility…)
 Energy (Renewable energies…)
 Development (Sustainable management..)
 Rubbish and waste
(Recycling collection…)
RESULTS 1st STAGE
4. Results and Discussion
CCR model
BCC model
 15 ski resorts are technically
efficient at 100%
 24 ski resorts are technically
efficient at 100%
 CCR Mean efficiency: 1.129
 BCC Mean efficiency: 1.060
 Min : 1
 Min : 1
 Max : 1.561
 Max : 1.506
 St. Dev. : 0.157
 St. Dev. : 0.122
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis.
4. Results and Discussion
On 16 actions, 10 have an impacts on the technical efficiency.
 Transport variables : 2/4 have a positive impact = “care sharing to pollute
less”
 reduction of the traffic congestion,
 expanded transit services for restaurants or hotels,
 creation of a significant source of jobs (i.e., management, operations and
maintenance of vehicles and facilities),
-
Bus + ski-pass package and Pedestrian zone don’t have impact on the
efficiency score
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis.
4. Results and Discussion
 Energy variables : 2/4 variables have positive impacts on the
efficiency score.
 Most of ski resorts mobilize Thermal Systems and Wood boiler
- the Solar power utilization and Eco-consumption/municipalities
don’t have impact on the efficiency score.
 Development : 1/5 variableshas a positive impact: Green Building
Standard (HQE)
- Town Planning and Ski area management have negative impacts
- Incentives / taxes and Protected areas have no impact on efficiency
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis.
4. Results and Discussion
 Recycling variables 3/3 have an impact :
- Information on recycling collection and Recycling collection
have positive influence on efficiency
- Internal policies are influencing negatively the efficiency score.
Ski resort and environment: an
efficiency analysis.
5. Conclusions
- Impacts of environmental variables on the French Ski resorts
efficiency.
- 50 French mountain resorts have joined the National Charter for
Sustainable Development.
- Futures research : Consumer point of view