Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften, Fachrichtung Wasserwesen,
Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten
Why Is The Incineration Of
Waste A Necessity For A
Successful Recycling Society?
Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil. Dr.h.c. Bernd Bilitewski
Athens 10. 6. 2010
Content
1. Introduction
2. Hazardous Components in Waste and in Material Recycling
3, Conclusion
Folie 2
1. Introduction
Folie 3
Consumption and recycling of packaging in
Germany in 1.000 tons
Total Verpackungen
amount of packaging
gesamt
14.000
83%
tons
in 1.000
Consumption
Verbrauchand
undrecycling
Verwertung
in 1.000
Mg
82%
81%
12.000
80%
79%
Consumption
Verbrauch
Quantity for Recycling
Verwertungsmenge
78%
Verwertungsquote
Recycling in % in %
10.000
77%
8.000
76%
75%
6.000
74%
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Jahr
Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: GVM Wiesbaden
Folie 4
Waste Paper Recycling
Development of the recovered paper collection from households and commerce and
the used paper potential at the place of the end user
Recovered paper collection /mill. Mg
16,0
14,8
14,6
13,4
14,0
14,2 13,8 14,2
12,6
11,6
12,0
11,8
11,9
1993
1994
11,5
12,0
11,1
9,9
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Recovered paper from households
Used paper potential at the end user
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Recovered paper from trade and commerce
Folie 5
Recycling Of Batteries
Development of Disposal and Recycling Proportion German
Battery
6,901 t
8,978 t
9,679 t
11,393 t
11,171 t
66%
72%
100%
90%
19%
33%
80%
54%
70%
60%
Disposal
50%
40%
Recycling
81%
67%
30%
46%
20%
34%
28%
10%
0%
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Folie 6
Hazardous Components in Waste and in
Material Recycling
Folie 7
CH3
O
Si
CH3
Si
CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
n=0
n=1
n=2
Hexamethyldisiloxan (L2)
Octamethyltrisiloxan (L3)
Decamethyltetrasiloxan (L4)
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 Si O Si O Si CH3
CH3
Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxan (D3)
Octamethylcylotetrasiloxan (D4)
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxan (D5)
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxan (D6)
n = 1-4
Si
CH3
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
CH3
CH3
n = 0-2
Folie 8
Problems from Organosilicons in waste
Silicon dioxide in gas motor
of a landfill in Thessaloniki
(Greece) Photo from
Karaganidis
Folie 9
Hazardous compounds Damià Barceló
Therapeutic group
Analgesics and antiinflammatories
Lipid regulators
Compounds
% Recoveries (% RSD)
Surface water
WWTP effluent
WWTP influent
Ketoprofen
86 (±5)
50 (±6)
90 (±13)
Naproxen
86 (±5)
80 (±1)
93 (±5)
Ibuprofen
80 (±1)
121 (±9)
100 (±2)
Indomethacine
66 (±1)
50 (±5)
60 (±12)
Diclofenac
85 (±2)
50 (±1)
55 (±10)
Mefenamic acid
81 (±1)
60 (±2)
60 (±4)
Acetaminophen
11 (±3)
86 (±5)
86 (±5)
Acetylsalicylic acid
12 (±1)
38 (±1)
22 (±2)
Phenazone
97 (±2)
50 (±3)
50 (±9)
Phenylbutazone
50 (±2)
20 (±7)
20 (±7)
Propyphenazone
101 (±4)
72 (±3)
97 (±9)
Codeine
54 (±2)
86 (±6)
112 (±4)
Clofibric acid
71 (±2)
53 (±10)
61 (±11)
Gemfibrozil
nd
nd
nd
Bezafibrate
79 (±5)
69 (±3)
101 (±8)
Fenofibrate
60 (±4)
130 (±7)
116 (±1)
Atorvastatin calcium
51 (±17)
43 (±10)
43 (±10)
Mevastatin
61 (±8)
57 (±10)
Pravastatin sodium
193 (±1)
172(±6)
57 (±10)
Folie 10
172 (±6)
Flame-retardant Chemicals
Deca brominated biphenyl
Poly brominated Diphenylether
(PBDE)
Tetra brominated bi-phenol A
Isomer of Hex brominated
cyclododecan
Folie 11
Hazardous Components in WEEE
Heavy metal
(Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc.)
Brominated flame
retardant
Organic Compounds
Source: Chancerel (2007)
Folie 12
Endocrine disrupting compounds
1 Bi-phenol A; 2 4-tert-Octylphenol; 3 4-Nonylphenol;
4 Pentachlorophenol; 5 TMDD; Graphic: NLM
Folie 13
Concentration of BPA and NP in waste paper from
Dresden (mg/kg) [Gehring et al., 2005]
Konzentration (mg · kg -1 TR)
6,0
Ver packung
Packaging
Graphical
Paper
Gr
aphisches
Papier
5,0
4,0
BPA
NP
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
AltP7
AltP1
AltP5
AltP6
AltP2
AltP3
AltP4
Folie 14
Recycling toilet paper from Germany, Australia and China
contaminated with 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decin-4,7-diol (TMDD)
Biphenyl A, and 4-Nonylphenol (Gehring, Vogel, Bilitewski 2009)
100
Australien
Australia
90
NP
BPA
TMDD
Konzentration (mg/kg)
80
70
60
Deutschland
Germany
50
40
30
China
China
20
10
0
DE a
DE b
DE c
DE d
AU a
AU b
AU c
AU d
CN a
CN b
CN c
CN d
Folie 15
Concentration of Cadmium in Household Waste
Concentration
(mg/kg)
50%
90
concentration
45%
80
load contribution
40%
70
35%
60
30%
50
25%
40
20%
30
15%
20
10%
10
5%
0
0%
Folie 16
Specific Load Contribution
100
330
CONCLUSIONS
Folie 17
MSWI - state of the art
> 90 % grate firing systems
• electric net energy efficiency around 20 % (up to 30 %)
• steam parameters app. 400 °C, 40 bar
• Gate fees 70 -– 100 €/Mg
•
Folie 18
Comparison of Dioxin emission in reality:
Modern Waste incineration plant:
1
0,01 ng/m³
Hazardous waste incineration plant:
1
0,01 ng/m³
100
1,00 ng/m³
1000
10,00 ng/m³
10.000
100,00 ng/m³
100.000
1000,00 ng/m³
Household store:
Open fire place:
Fire works:
Burning landfill
Folie 19
Emissions from waste incineration in relation to total
national emissions in Austria [Stengler, E. ]
100%
80%
60%
40%
0,19%
0,04%
0,40%
1,18%
0,009%
Total emissions
NOX
SOX
Cd
Hg
dust
0%
0,07%
20%
PCDD+PCDF
Emissions of WtE
Folie 20
Material flow of hazardous compounds of an
incineration plant of municipal solid waste
(Reimann, D.O )
Waste Input
Hazardous Compounds
Anorganic
Cl, S, F
11,5 kg/Mg
100 %
∑ Heavy
metals
Organic
Dioxine, etc.
2,65 kg/Mg
100 %
Clear Flue Gas
Anorganic
∑ Heavy
metals
Organic
Residuals from
flue gas
cleaning
system
30 kg/Mg
100 %
0,15 %
0,007 % 0,07 %
59 %
Flue Gas Cleaning
Incineration
23%
Energy (vessel)
45%
41 %
77 %
Anorganic
∑ Heavy
metals
Anorganic
∑ Heavy
metals
Organic
<19 %
Organic
Hazardous Compounds and Slag
Folie 21
Folie 22
CO2 – Reduction in Germany
Folie 23
Quelle: UBA 2006
Fossil CO2-emission factors (by energy content) for several
waste types and fossil fuels
120,0
Mg CO2,fossil/TJ
100,0
80,0
60,0
111,0
93,0
74,0
56,0
35,9 Mg
CO2/TJ
40,0
31,6
18,9
39,9
26,6
20,0
0,0
Folie 24
photovoltaic
FischerTropsch
fuel
wind power
Gasification
(logging
remains and
straw)
Digestion
(liquid manure,
sewage sludge,
bio waste)
combustion
(logging
remains and
straw)
WtE
CO2-avoidance costs in €/Mg CO2,äq
Comparison to other eligible
renewable energies
Reference range of 50 – 100 €/Mg
CO2,äq eligible costs by BMWi (2001)
Folie 25
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!
Thank you for your attention!
Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten
Tel.: 03501-530021
Mail :abfall@mail.zih.tu-dresden.de
Web: www.tu-dresden.de/fghhiaa/
Folie 26