Emergency preparedness
and response and
public information in Finland
VN/RA/01 Task 1&2 Workshop
Hanoi, October 2012
Ilari Aro
STUK
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for
Safety, General Safety Requirements Part 1
• Requirement 8: Emergency preparedness and
response: The government shall make provision
for emergency preparedness to enable a timely
and effective response in a nuclear or radiological
emergency.
• 2.24. In preparing an emergency response plan and in
the event of an emergency, the regulatory body shall
advise the government and competent authorities,
and shall provide expert services (e.g. services for
radiation monitoring and risk assessment for actual
and expected future radiation risks) in accordance
with the responsibilities assigned to it.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
International Conventions
•
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963,
1988, 1997)
•
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (27
October 1986)
•
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident
or Radiological Emergency (28 February 1987)
•
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (8
February 1987)
•
Convention on Nuclear Safety (24 October 1996)
•
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and
on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management (Opened for
signature 29 September 1997)
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Convention on Early Notification
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Objective: to provide relevant information about nuclear
accidents as early as possible in order that transboundary
radiological consequences can be minimized
Scope: any accident involving facilities or activities from
which a radioactive release occurs or is likely to occur and
which may result in an transboundary release that could be of
radiological safety significance for another state
Facility/activity: nuclear reactor; fuel cycle or waste handling
facility or respective transportation and storage; manufacture,
use, transport or disposal of radioisotopes
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Convention on Early Notification:
Obligations of Contracting Parties
A State Party having a nuclear or radiological accident going on
in its territory shall
• make known to the IAEA and other States Parties competent
authorities and points of contact
• notify those States which may be affected the nature, time of
occurrence and exact location of the nuclear accident
• provide promptly the States affected with such available
information relevant to minimize the radiological
consequences
• respond promptly to a request for further information or
consultations sought by affected State Party
• ensure the provision of information: facility or activity, cause
and foreseeable development, meteorological and
hydrological conditions, off-site protective measures taken or
planned
• to supplement information at appropriate intervals
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Convention on Early Notification:
Obligations to the IAEA
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to ensure confidentiality of confident information (applies also
to other State Parties)
to maintain an up-to-date list of points of contact and provide
it to others,
to assist non-nuclear countries in investigations concerning
radiation monitoring systems
depositary functions
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Convention on Assistance in the
case of Nuclear Accident
Objectives:
• Establish an international framework to facilitate promt
provision of assistance in the event of a nuclear accident or
radiological emergency to mitigate its consequences
• States Parties shall co-operate between themselves and with
the IAEA to facilitate prompt assistance
• States Parties may agree on bilateral arrangements for
preventing or minimizing injury and damage
Scope:
• In the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency,
whether or not such an accident or emergency takes place in
one’s own country
• A State Party may call for assistance from:
– any other state
– IAEA or other international intergovernmental
organizations where appropriate
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
IAEA Requirements and guidance
• Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological
Emergency Safety Requirements
Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-2
Date of Issue: November, 2002.
• Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological
Emergency Safety Guide
Safety Standards Series No. GS-G-2.1
Date of Issue: July, 2007.
• Planning and Preparing for Emergency Response to Transport
Accidents Involving Radioactive Material Safety Guide
Safety Standards Series No. TS-G-1.2 (ST-3)
Date of Issue: August, 2002.
• DS44 - Criteria for Use in Planning Response to Nuclear and
Radiological Emergencies
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
International assistance plans
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EPR-ENATOM, Emergency Notification and Assistance Technical
Operations Manual, English, Full Text, (File Size: 2782 KB). Date of
Issue: February 2007.
Emergency Communications with the IAEA Incident and Emergency
Centre - Contact details, checklists and forms, EPR-ENATOM,
Attachment 1 (2007), restricted distribution, for official use only, IAEA,
(February 2007)
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
National assistance plans - training material
• Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear
or Radiological Emergency - EPR-METHOD (2003) (Updating
IAEA-TECDOC-953), Date of Issue: November 2003.
• Manual for First Responders to a Radiological Emergency, Date
of Issue: November 2006.
Preparation, Conduct and Evaluation of Exercises to Test
Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, Date of
Issue: May 2005.
• Preparation, Conduct and Evaluation of Exercises to Test
Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Training Materials, CD-ROM. Date of Issue: June 2006.
• Generic Procedures for Medical Response During a Nuclear or
Radiological Emergency, Date of Issue: July 2005.
• Medical Preparedness and Response Educational Material, CDROM. Date of Issue: January 2003.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
IAEA GS-R-2:
IDENTIFYING, NOTIFYING AND ACTIVATING
• When circumstances necessitate an emergency response,
operators shall promptly determine the appropriate emergency
class or the level of emergency response and shall initiate the
appropriate on-site actions. The operator shall notify and provide
updated information to the off-site notification point.
• Upon notification of a nuclear or radiological emergency
warranting an off-site response, the off-site notification point shall
promptly notify all appropriate off-site response organizations.
Upon notification, the off-site response organizations shall
promptly initiate the preplanned and co-ordinated response
appropriate to the emergency class or the level of emergency.
• Appropriate emergency response actions shall be initiated
promptly upon the receipt of a notification from another State or
information from the IAEA of a notification relating to an actual or
potential transnational emergency that could affect the State or
its nationals.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
International notification
• In the event of a transnational emergency the notifying State
shall promptly notify directly or through the IAEA those States
that may be affected. The notifying State shall also notify the
IAEA of a transnational emergency upon recognition or when it
notifies another State. The notifying State shall provide
information concerning the nature of the emergency and any
potential transnational consequences and shall respond to
requests from other States and from the IAEA for information
with the intent of minimizing the consequences.
• Notification points shall be established that are responsible for
receiving emergency notifications of an actual or potential
nuclear or radiological emergency. The notification points shall
be continuously available to receive any notification or request
for assistance and to respond promptly or to initiate an off-site
response.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
IAEA and neighbouring state notification
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The State shall make known to the IAEA and to other States, directly or
through the IAEA, its single warning point of contact responsible for
receiving emergency notifications and information from other States and
information from the IAEA. This warning point shall be continuously
available to receive any notification, request for assistance or request for
verification of information from the IAEA and to initiate promptly a
response or verification. The State shall promptly inform the IAEA and,
directly or through the IAEA, relevant States of any changes that may
occur in respect of the point of contact.
The State shall make arrangements for promptly notifying and providing
relevant information to, directly or through the IAEA, those States that
may be affected by a transnational emergency. The State shall make
arrangements for promptly responding to requests from other States or
from the IAEA for information in respect of a transnational emergency, in
particular with regard to minimizing any transnational consequences.
Arrangements shall be made for promptly and directly notifying any
State in which urgent protective action should be taken, including States
with erritory within the precautionary action zone or urgent protective
action planning zone.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Public information and warnings
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Upon declaration of an emergency class the public shall be promptly
warned of the emergency and informed of the actions that they should
take. There shall be no undue delay that could jeopardize the
effectiveness of the protective actions.
For facilities in threat category I or II arrangements shall be made,
before and during operations, to provide information on the response to
a nuclear or radiological emergency to permanent, transient and special
population groups or those responsible for them and to special facilities
within the precautionary action zone and the urgent protective action
planning zone. This shall include information on the nature of the
hazard, on how people will be warned or notified and on the actions to
be taken in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency. The
information shall be provided in the languages mainly spoken in these
emergency zones and the effectiveness of this public information
programme shall be periodically assessed.
Arrangements shall be made for facilities in threat category I or II to
provide promptly a warning and instruction to permanent, transient and
special population groups or those responsible for them and to special
facilities in the precautionary action zone and the urgent protective
action planning zone upon declaration of an emergency class. This shall
include instructions in the languages mainly spoken in these emergency
zones on the immediate actions to be taken.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
EMERCON - National Warning Point
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To activate the relevant national emergency response organizations on
receipt from the IAEA’s Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) of a
notification or advisory message or request for information or assistance in
the event of a nuclear or radiological incident or emergency.
The NWP communication centre must be staffed 24 hours a day and must
have suitable equipment, working and maintained, to receive from the IEC
by fax, telephone or email notifications, advisory messages or requests for
information and/or assistance in the event of a nuclear or radiological
emergency.
The NWP communication centre should keep an up-to-date communication
list for channeling incoming information or requests from the IEC and
activating the relevant parts of the national emergency response system.
An emergency plan and associated procedures specifying the actions to be
taken after receiving an EMERCON form or a request for assistance or
information should be in place.
Staff at the NWP communication centre should be familiar with the
EMERCON forms.
The communication centre should have an effective mechanism for
responding to messages or requests in English, including maintaining a list
of persons who can understand and speak English.
The NWP should carry out regular tests and drills.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
EMERCON - National Warning Point: guidance
1. Keep a log of all incoming communications, irrespective of
whether they are received via telephone or fax. Process the
message according to whether it is an EMERCON message, an
EXERCISE message or routine correspondence from the IEC.
2. Receive and log any EMERCON message.
3. Speedily process the EMERCON message according to the
following:
– a) EMERCON request for information about a domestic emergency
– b) EMERCON forms SRF or GENF
– c) EMERCON request for advice or assistance
4. Activate appropriate organizations within your State. Confirm that
appropriate organizations have activated.
5. If the IEC telephones, confirm receipt and legibility of written
messages.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
EMERCON - National Competent Authority
• Main tasks: to notify the IAEA of a significant transboundary
release under the Early Notification Convention; 2) to notify
the IAEA of a transnational emergency; 3) to provide
advisory messages and follow-up information to the IAEA;
and 4) to respond to requests for information from the IAEA
Cases to be handled
• Emergency at nuclear power station
• Radiation incidents: missing dangerous source, space
object re-entry, elevated radiation levels of unknown origin;
other radiation emergency or threat
• Requesting assistance under the Assistance Convention
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
EMERCON FORMS
• SRF - Initial and follow-up information about a nuclear
or radiological incident or emergency (except for a
general emergency at a nuclear installation)
• GENF - Initial and follow-up information a general
emergency at a nuclear installation
• MPA - Information about principal off-site
measurements and protective actions (planned or
taken) in the event of a nuclear or radiological
emergency
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Legislation
Emergency Powers Act (1991)
– gives an obligation to all authorities in Finland to plan for
emergencies
– plans should include all types of crisis situations: of civil
and military origin, minor and severe events
Each authority decides upon measures concerning their
own administration responsibilities
– decisions base on recommendations given by STUK
- STUK gives recommendations to the authorities on local, on
provincial and on national level
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Responsibilities for informing
the public
– The authority in charge is also responsible for informing the
public.
– Other authorities involved in the emergency provide
information and instruction regarding their own sphere of
responsibility.
STUK issues information concerning the accident, radiation
situation and the impact of the situation on public health and
safety.
– If needed, the Information Unit of the Council of State
assists in coordination.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Coordination of activities during
emergencies
On national level:
– Ministry of the Interior calls a group for coordination
purposes
- all organisations on national level taking care of situation
send their representatives
On provincial level:
– the State Provincial Offices supervise rescue activities
On local level:
– decisions and instructions pertaining to the rescue
activities; administration sectors of municipalities are
represented in groups gathered during emergencies
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Responsibilities in a large-scale
radiation situation
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Responsibilities of some
governmental authorities
STUK
• situation reports
• safety assessments
• recommendations and advice for
protective measures
Ministry of the Interior
• protection of population, rescue
operations
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
• restrictions concerning agricultural
production
Finnish Food Safety Authority
• processing, delivery and retail of
foodstuffs
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
• safety of public health
Ministry of Employment and the Economy
• international trade
• emergency supply
Defence Forces
• cooperation in rescue operations
Ministry of Transport and Communication
• communication, traffic, transportation
Finnish Meteorological Institute
• dispersion calculations, weather
service
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
• informing foreign embassies in Finland
and domestic embassies abroad
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior
Gives list of topics to be included in the plan for nuclear or
radiological emergencies
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tasks and responsibilities of authorities
notifications and activation of emergency organisations
management of rescue operations
arrangements for radiation monitoring
protective measures
informing the public and the media prior and during an
emergency
• training programme (including exercises) of emergency staff
The public has to be given a possibility for commenting the
plan and information on the content of the plan has to be
delivered to the public.
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Emergency planning zones
(approx 20 km)
Olkiluoto NPP
Olkiluoto
NPP
Olkiluoto
NPP
• Eurajoki
• Rauma
• Luvia
Loviisa NPP
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Loviisa NPP
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Loviisa
Pernaja
Ruotsinpyhtää
Pyhtää
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior
– regarding information to the public, directive
89/618/Euratom is followed; prior information should
continuously updated and delivered to the public every
third year
– emergency plans should contain detailed training
programme of staff
– emergency plans should be tested full scale exercises
every third year; the State Province Offices responsible for
organising
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Legislation
Act on Rescue Services (1999; revision 2003)
– obligation for emergency planning
Decree on Rescue Services (1999; revision 2003)
– description of responsibilities of various organisations
”… STUK is responsible for maintaining nationwide radiation monitoring, for
issuing notifications, warnings and recommendations for protective measures in
cooperation with other counterparts and for taking care of safety assessment of
radiation situations…”
Ministry of the Interior issues decrees and guides
concerning planning for nuclear or radiological
emergencies.
– Decree of the Ministry of the Interior on planning for nuclear and
radiological emergencies and informing the public of radiation hazards
– VAL Guides (prepared by STUK, put in force by MoI)
• Protective actions in nuclear or radiological emergency
• Guide for rescue authorities for monitoring external dose rate
• Manual radiation monitors; guide for verification of measurements, and
inspection and quality requirements for monitors
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
STUK’s tasks during emergencies
Receiving of an alert; activating
response
Collection of information and evaluation of
possible development
Safety assessment
Recommendations and advice for
protective measures
Dissemination of information
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
STUK is the National Warning Point
Domestic nuclear
installations
International
agreements
STUK
Contacts to NPPs
close to Finland
Verification of
the alert signal
Radiation
measurements
Activating response
Domestic
partners
Other
contacts
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Duty system
Two experts on duty all the time;
both in his / her turn one week:
– contact person for notifications, alerts or
other signals (“expert on duty)
– contact person for media
(“duty officer for public information”)
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Activation of response in Finland
STUK
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Ministry of the Interior
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Defence Forces
Crisis Management Centre
of the Council
of State (24 h)
Information
Unit of the
Council of State
Emergency response
organisations of ministries
Members of the Council
State
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
STUK’S organisation during
emergencies
ACCIDENT ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT
STUK’s decisions &
statements regarding e.g.
- safety assessment
- recommendations
SECRETARIAT
- assistance of the
management
- communication
with counterparts
- assessment and development of
event
- releases into environment
- INES
RADIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
- defining area of potential hazard
- evaluation of exposure to population
- proposals for protective measures
- environmental monitoring
ADVICE FOR AUTHORITIES, TRADE
AND COMMERCE, AND CITIZENS
PUBLIC INFORMATION
- contacts with media
INTERNAL SERVICES
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
STUK’s preparedness manual
• Emergency plan
• Regulations related to preparedness
• reaching STUK’s staff, unannounced tests
• obligations of expert on duty; nominated
persons for experts on duty
• obligations of duty officers for public
information; nominated duty officers
• Procedures for emergencies
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Dissemination of information
Accident
situation
Authorities
Other counterparts
what has
happened
Experts
Neighbouring countries
Radiation
situation
IAEA, EU
Media
actions
needed
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Citizens
Text-TV page 867 and www.stuk.fi
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
Protected web pages for emergencies
SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY