Audio Medium
& Scripting
Audio
Medium
Aural Communication
Behavior
Communication represents
70% of our waking hours.
• 9% Writing
• 16% Reading
• 30% Speaking
• 45% Listening
}
75% Creating and
Interpreting
Aural Messages
Based on a Study by Paul Rankon at Ohio State University
Audio
Medium
Definitions
• Oral = spoken
• Aural = perceived by the ear
Aural Literacy: The learned ability to
interpret and to create aural messages
using appropriate signs to achieve a
desired outcome.
Audio
Medium
Hearing and Listening
• HEARING:
A Physiological Process
Sound Waves–Vibrations–Nerve Impulses
• LISTENING:
Psychological Process
Awareness–
Identification
Recognition–Comprehension
A
Audio
Medium
Advantages of
Aural Media
• Inexpensive
• Readily Available
• Easy to Use/Portable
• Group or Individual Use
• Adds Interest
• Non-verbal Messages
Audio
Medium
Limitations of
Aural Media
• Fixed Speed and Sequence
• Audience May Hear but Not Listen
• Production Can Be Expensive
• Production Skills/Time Consuming
• Limited Audience Concentration
Audio
Medium
Planning (Designing)
Aural Messages
Considerations in Planning Aural Messages
• the audience
• the subject matter
• the desired outcomes
• method of presentation
Audio
Medium
Outcomes
•
•
•
Cognitive recognizing/discriminating
Psychomotor - respond to
oral commands, voice traning
Affective - set mood, manage
feelings, stress
Audio
Medium
Aural Sign System
Elements
• Pitch
• Loudness
• Tempo
Audio
Medium
Aural Sign System
Signs
• Voice
• Sound Effects/Natural Sounds
• Music
• Silence
Audio
Medium
Voice
• Narration (“Voice-over”)
• Dialog
Audio
Medium
Sound Effects/Natural
Sounds
• Define Space
• Establish Locale
• Emphasize/Intensify Action
• Set Pace
• Unify by Transition
Audio
Medium
Music
• Establish Locale
• Emphasize Action
• Set Pace
• Provide Counterpoint
• Provide Transition
• Evoke Atmosphere/Mood
Audio
Medium
Design Guidlines
• Cue
• Clear/Concise
• Advance Organizer
• Concurrent Organizer
• Summary
• Variety
• Particpation
• Repitition
Audio
Medium
Script Writing
• Goal: To be understood!
• Idea/Outcomes/Content
• Treatment
¦ Descriptive Synopsis of Presentation
¦ Beginning, Flow, Ending
¦ Overall Structure–motivators,
organizers, presentation, transitions,
review, closing
Audio
Medium
Script Writing
Selected Principles
• Write to be HEARD
• Write to your audience
• Clear organization, message
• Simple Sentences–to the point
• Use pauses & other audio sources
• Avoid distracting language
• Active voice
Audio
Medium
Script Writing–Active
Voice
•
Passive Voice: “An ordinance that
extended swimming pool hours was
passed by the City Council after it
was pressured by a group of
parents.”
•
Active Voice: “Pressured by a group
of parents, the City Council extended
swimming pool hours.”
Audio
Medium
Script Writing
A Comprehension Check
Syllables per 100 words
100-130
131-160
161- up
Easy
Average
Difficult
Audio
Medium
Script Writing with
Visuals
• Audience Hears Once
• Use Pauses
• Audio Pacing
• No Visual Description
• No Reference to Medium
Audio
Medium
Script Writing with
Visuals
• No Abbreviations
• Upper/Lower Case
• New Page/New Sentence
• Read Aloud
• Rewrite
Audio
Medium
Picture the Visual
Image
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Treatment
Function
Visual
Pacing
Sequences
Esthetics
Practicality
Audience
Audio
Medium
Sketch Image on Script
Paper
Audio
Medium
Visual Production Notes
• LS: Long Shot
• MLS: Medium Long Shot
• MS: Medium Shot
• MCU: Medium Close-Up
• CU: Close-Up
• ECU: Extreme Close-Up
Audio
Medium
Visual Production Notes
• Effect: cut-diss-wipe-fade
• Brief Description
• Other Relevant Information
Audio
Medium
Audio Production Notes
•
•
•
•
Start/End Audio Segment
Fade up, Fade out, Hold
Under
Audio, Source, Location
Other Relevant Information
Audio
Medium
•
•
•
•
•
Script Visualization
Principles
Clear & Uncomplicated
Visually Relate Images
Movements, Viewpoints
Transitions
Review
Audio
Medium
Presenting Audio
Recordings
• Playback Formats
• Cassette D• AT •Cartridge
• CD
• eel Tape
R
• Systems
• Amplification
• Balance/Modification
• Speakers/Feedback
• Techniques
• Cueing
• Control Levels
Audio
Medium
Audio Recording–
System Components
•Microphone
•Playback
•Mixer
•Recorder
•Speaker/Headphones
Audio
Medium
MediaLab Audio Booth
Microphone
Cassette
1
Recorder
Cassette
2
Playback
Playback
Cassette
3
Playback
Playback
Turntable
CD
Mixer
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 M
5
Audio
Medium
Producing Audio
Recordings
Audio Booth Training
MediaLab
Instructional Technology and
Development Center
Audio
Medium
Audio Tape
Synchronization
SY NC MODE
WOLLENSAK
Off
Record
EJECT
VOLUME RECORD MODE TONE
8
Manual Auto
0
START STOP
Bass Tr eble
1
7
2
6
5 4
RECORD
3
Recorder Controls
PAUSE
Lock
Audio
Medium
Audio Recording
Formats
• Cassette
• CD
• DAT
• Reel Tape
• Cartridge
• Records