PPR
Vocabulary
Terms
are for
EC-4, 4-8 and 8-12
Abstract concepts
Cognitive thought that is a part or
remote from any concrete reality or
particular material object
Ability groups
A grouping in which all children in a small
group are roughly the same in academic
level. Unfortunately, this type of
placement results in ethnic tracking
Academic Learning
Time
The amount of time of a student is
actively engaged in leaning
academically relevant materials
Acceleration
The goal of receiving the required
curriculum but at an increased level
Accommodation
Changes or modifications in the way
students receive instruction to enable
them to improve their learning or an
experience
Active listening
Focusing attentively on what a
student is saying
Abstract concepts
Non-observable concepts that are
acquired only through the senses
because they do not possess physical
qualities
Academic learning time
(ALT)
The time when children are actually
understanding and succeeding at
the learning task.
acculturation
The successful application of new knowledge
form another culture while retaining one’s
own native culture and language.
Achievement test
The process of measuring mastery
of a given subject or specific skill
Accountability
Holding schools and teachers
responsible for student performance
ADD
Attention deficit disorder
affective domain
Behavior that reflects interests,
attitudes, opinions, values and emotions
Age-equivalent
scores
Based on developmental norms.
allocated time
Specified amount of time for
learning and other school events
alignment
Lining up of standards and curriculum to meet
the needs of students, schools, school
districts and state goals. May be horizontal or
vertical i.e. math 3rd grade is aware of what is
being done in 2nd and 4th.
Acceptable use policy
A statement of expectations for how students and
faculty will use school resources, procedures they
are expected to follow, and consequences when
expectations and procedures are violated.
Commonly associated with the use of computers
and internet resources.
Advocate for
children or students
A person (usually a professional) who works
with the family, the student, and school to
ensure that each student receives the
appropriate education necessary to optimize
his her opportunity to achieve to the highest
level of his/her potential
analysis
The process of separating parts and
then learning the relationship of
these parts
analyze
Look at objects, concepts, students,
etc. in detail with the effort to
determine if a relationship exists
Appropriate instruction
Instruction that is considered to be
the best choice for a student at a
given time and in a given situation
Age appropriate
Material or instruction that has been
determined suitable for a student's
state of development
Aide/paraprofessional
Someone who provides assistance
in the classroom.
analogy
A comparison wherein one describes
similarities between the ideas that are
generally considered dissimilar.
Assertive discipline
(Lee Cantor)
A classroom management techniques that
was/is utilized in schools. It makes clear
statements of expectations and required
behavior without employing hostile or
argumentative action on the part of the
teacher.
Aptitude test
Test to determine how a person might
perform in a certain area or activity
Alternative assessment
A type of instruction and measurement
that differs from the usual standard or
paper and pencil test. Evaluation is in the
form of presentations, portfolios and
projects.
assessment
The process of measuring or gathering
data to discover what students know and
are learning. The main purpose for
assessment should be to plan
appropriate instruction
Attribution theory
A description of how beliefs about the
causes of people’s successes and/or
failures influence their motivation
auditory learner
A student who learns best by receiving
information through listening to
information received rather than
through visual means.
assimilation
A cognitive process in which new
information is integrated into an already
existing schema
adaptation
The adjustment of existing
knowledge structure through either
of the two processes of assimilation
or accommodation
Assisted learning
The process a teacher might use
when providing scaffolding within a
student’s zone of proximal
development
Auditory learner
One who learns best by listening
rather than seeing or touching.
Behavioral approach
An approach to motivation that
emphasizes the desire to make
sense of the world.
behavior modification
A process that is employed to alter
or change existing behavior by
reinforcing desired behavior and
ending undesirable behavior
Benchmark tests
Tests used to determine if a student has
met a specifically described task.
bilingual
Being able to speak two languages
with the facility of a native speaker
Biracial/multiracial
People whose ancestors are from
two or more different racial groups.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
a Hierarchy of six levels of Thinking
 Knowledge
 Memorizing facts
 Comprehension
 understanding
 Application
 Apply concepts
 Analysis
 Breaking down the complex
 Synthesis
 Putting together complex ideas
 Evaluation
 Judging or forming an opinion
Cause-effect relationship
Pattern showing the relationship
between where one event happened
as a result of another event
cognition
Process of thinking and reasoning
Cognitive development
Changes in mental processes
Chronological age
Age of a person in years and
months
Chunking
Grouping bits of information into one
unit of information to allow more
items to be included in memory.
Classroom Climate
(positive)
An atmosphere in a classroom
where students are comfortable and
able to learn.
Classroom management
A systematic approach to organizing a
classroom so lessons can be delivered
effectively and misbehaviors are redirected
or prevented
closure
A part of the lesson cycle in which the material
covered, objectives of the lesson are restated
thus bringing an appropriate conclusion to the
lesson presented either by the teacher or is
teacher directed.
Code of Ethics
and
Standard Practices
Standards of practice and ethical conduct
toward students, professional colleagues school
officials, parents, members to which the Texas
educator will adhere in order to safeguard
academic freedom.
Commissioner of Education
The chief educational officer in the state
of Texas. Is appointed by governor and
has administrative responsibility for the
Texas Education agency and for over
seeing the implementation of legislation
into school and district operations.
Competency test
A form of measurement that tests the
basic skills students should to be able to
acquire o master for the district or state.
Computer assisted
instruction
Software that provides assistance
with instruction occurring in the
classroom
Concept
A mental structure that categorizes
similar ideas, objects, events,
people, or experiences.
conferences
Interactions that take place to discuss
assignments, events, creations or progress in
any academic area; may be teacher-student
conferences or peer-peer conferences in
addition to teacher-caregiver conferences.
conservation
The ability for students in the preoperational stage of development in
mentally reverse an operating or to
realize that an object is the same under
changing perceptual conditions.
Concrete operational
stage
The third of Piaget’s stages, covering
ages 7-11; characterized by the ability to
consider more than one aspect of an
object or problems, conserve and
classify and demonstrate the concept of
seriation (placing items in a series.
Conventional moral
reasoning
The focus on graining approval of
others as a result of a particular
course of action
contiguity
The simple pairing of two behaviors
enough times that a person continues to
pair the two even when only one is
presented.
Convergent question
A question for which here is one
(only) correct answer
Corporal punishment
 Spanking or striking … it is not allow in
public schools now.
Criterionreferenced tests
A formal test composing a students’ test
score to a of skills (criteria). The TAKS
and the TExES are examples of criterion
referenced tests.
Culture
A way of life; the habits, values and
attitudes of a group of people
Cultural deprivation
Assumes that students have not culture
and that is why they do poorly in school.
Every student has a culture it just may be
different for the teacher’s culture
Culturally-biased
test
Tests that, in their construction,
reflect the basic knowledge and
interpretation of a particular cultural
or sub-cultural group.
Culturally relevant
teaching
A theory that underscores teaching
practices grounded in the understanding
of culture and experiences that shape
students’ ways of knowing the world.
Cooperative learning
Instruction that is structured for
partners or small groups to work
together.
Deficiency needs
The four lower-levels needs of the
Maslow’s hierarchy (survival, safety,
belonging and self-esteem.
Development
Systematic and lasting changes that
take place over the course of the
human life span
developmentally
appropriate
Instruction in a way that considers the
stage of the child and the capabilities in
the developmental stage, providing
learning experiences that lead to optimal
development
disequilibrium
Occurs when dissonance after
interaction with the environment is not
consistent with our prior representation
of events or objects.
Differentiated
instruction
Instruction that is changed to meet
the needs of students by accepting
assignments or tasks in varied
means.
Differently-abled
A term used to describe exceptional students
who accomplish tasks in ways different from
those of most other students
Direct instruction
A teacher-centered instruction that is
based around a structured form of
delivery and completion of tasks.
Discovery Learning
 An instructional approach based on
Bruner’s constructivist theory. The
method allows the learner discover the
information by themselves
Divergent question
A question for which there are many
possible answers
domain
An umbrella term that describes an
area of the curriculum such as a
math skill
dyscalculia
A learning disability in the area of
mathematics
dysgraphia
A learning disability in the area of written
language, which affects the ability to
formulate written letters or numbers
and/or the ability to formulate a thought
and express it in writing.
dyslexia
A learning disability in reading that affects
the ability or recognize and comprehend
written words as a result of
developmental language impairment.
Egocentric
One who believes that everyone
sees the world as he or she does.
Egocentrism
The inability to take the perspective
of others
enrichment
The provision of richer, more varied
content through strategies that
supplement the standard curriculum
equilibration
The constant search for a balance
between what we already know and a
new activity, skill or social experience
Erik Erickson
A theorist who believes that society,
history and culture affect the personality
development of a person. He is best
know for this concept of the identify crisis.
equilibrium
A mental balance between one’s
cognitive schemes and information
from the environment
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation that is created by events
or rewards outside of the individual
Extension
A component in the lesson cycle that
emphasizes the enlargement or expansion of
the original learning objectives.
evaluation
Typically refers to all means used in schools
to formally measure student performance or
behavior and to make judgments based on
the results of the programs or procedures
being implemented.
Factual question
Questions which require students to
recall information through recognition or
rote memory
Fair use doctrine
A component of federal law related op
copyrights. It allows specified copying
privileges of copyrighted work for teaching
purposes.
Family diversity
Diversity of cultural background, differences in
family characteristics and structure, and
circumstances or situational differences,
resulting in diverse languages, economics
situations, customs, attitudes behaviors and
values.
Family involvement
Encompasses all interactions
between school and home that
support student achievement.
Feedback
The response given after a n action has taken
place, in the context of the classroom there is
a student teacher feedback.
Flexible grouping
Student grouping based on a student’s
need for review, re-teaching, practice or
enrichment
focus
Is an event that a teacher plans so as to
‘entice’ students into the lesson in some
manner. (might be called the anticipatory
set)
Formal assessment
The use of standardized test instruments
to gather information regarding a
student's performance in an area of
educational performance.
Formal operational
stage
The last of Piaget’s stages, covering
ages 11 to adult; characterized by the
ability to deal with abstract concepts.
Formative Assessment
Assessment that occurs before a during
the learning process in order to guide the
content and pace of the lessons.
Free and appropriate
public education
(FAPE)
The provision of IDEA that
guarantees special education and
related services to children with
disabilities at public cost.
Gender Bias
Favoring one gender over the other
Gifted
A designation applied to students
who are exceptionally creative,
intelligent, and/or talented.
goal
Generally thought of as broad idea of
what the teacher (and other
involved/interested in education) want the
children to learn.
Grade-equivalent
scores
Based on developmental norms,
reporting such scores assumes that all
children or all children in certain grades
have received uniform instruction.
Guided Practice
A step in the lesson cycle here the
student practices the leaning under
direct teacher guidance.
Hands on
Term applied to lessons which encourage
students to be actively involved in
learning by physically interacting with the
teaching materials and/or manipulatives.
Heterogeneous
Classroom grouping which integrated
students who have a variety of grouping
learning styles and/or abilities
Hidden curriculum
What students learn that the teachers
doesn’t teach explicitly.
Humanistic approach
An approach to motivation that
emphasizes a person’s desire to
improve him- or herself
hypothesis
a possible explanation for an observation
phenomenon or scientific problems that
can be tested by further investigation.
Homogeneous
Classroom grouping which places
students of similar intellect, traits and
grouping abilities for learning.
imagery
The use of vivid or figurative
language to represent objects,
actions or ideas.
Information
processing
A cognitive view of learning that likens the
mind to a computer with a place for data
input, storage, and retrieval for future
use.
Inclusion
Including students with disabilities in
the regular general education
classroom
Independent practice
A step in the lesson cycle that allow
the student to practice the leaning
independent of any outside
assistance.
Indirect teaching
Learning that occurs incidentally
from the planned objective of a
lesson
Informal assessment
Spontaneously unstructured test that
occur during instruction to determine the
student’s level of understanding and
performance
inquiry
An inductive teaching method that engages
students in investigation and explanation of
situations and is designed to promote
problem-solving through critical thinking.
Inquiry learning
Learning based on student-designed
processes to solve a problem;
requires higher-level thinking skills
In-service training
Professional development
opportunities offered for practicing
teachers
Instructional grouping
The division of students into small
groups for the purpose of teaching
certain concepts
Intelligence quotient
The measure of a person’s intelligence as
indicated by an intelligence test; the ratio
of a person’s mental age to his or her
chronological age (multiplied by 100)
Interdisciplinary
instruction
Teaching information through themes
that incorporate several subject areas
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation derived from activities
that are rewarding within themselves
jigsaw
A cooperative group strategy that
requires each member to become an
expert on one part of the whole lesson
and teach it to the other students
kinesthetic
A learning style that emphasizes the
student's need to move in order to
learn
labeling
The use of a special education
category to allow a student to access
special educational services
Learned
helplessness
The expectation, based on previous
experiences, that all efforts to succeed
will fail.
Learning goals
Goals based on improving abilities and
learning with the focus on mastery rather
than the time it may take—also called
mastery goals.
Leading questions
A nonobjective question in which the opinion
of the one asking the question can be
inferred from the way in which he question is
asked.
Learner-centered
instruction
An approach to teaching that focuses on
individual learners and promotes inquiry,
higher-order thinking, problem solving,
high levels of literacy and engagement
Learning disability
A general term referring to a heterogeneous
group of disorders manifested by significant
difficulties I the acquisition and use of listening,
speaking , reading, writing, reasoning, or
mathematical skills. These disorders are intrinsic
to the individual, presumed to be due to central
nervous system dysfunction and may occur
across the lifespan.
Learning log
a written response t literature but
may be used to respond to other
texts
Learning styles
Orientations for approaching
learning based on the manner of
processing new information
Least restrictive
environment
Required by IDEA for students with
disabilities to be placed in a setting that
enables him or her to function to the
fullest capability.
Limited English
Proficiency
The limited use of the English
language
Long term memory
A place where information is
permanently stored in the mind
Local school board
The community elected board that oversees
the operation of schools in the local school
district The board has a number of specific
responsibility set out in law related to policy
adoption and budgetary areas.
mainstreaming
Placing special needs students in
the regular classrooms
maturation
Internally determined change
Mental retardation
(MR)
Students who have intelligence skills that are
below average (IQ below 70) Most MR
students are born with below average
intelligence and may have poor social skills
also.
Mentors
Beginning teachers are usually assigned
an experienced teacher who is there to
provide assistance and guidance for the
first few years of teaching
Metacognition
The ability to think about one’s own
thinking and to control the thinking
Metacognitive
Ability
The ability to think about one’s own
cognitive thinking processes and to use
these processes to facilitate learning
Modalities
Refers to the perference in learning of a
particular sensory input such as visual,
auditory, tactile (touching) and kinesthetic
(movement).
Modeling
The process of showing o demonstrating
how to do a task or verbalizing how one
does a mental tasks.
Multimedia
Software, such as presentation
software that combines texts,
pictures, music, video, graphics and
animation.
Minority
Term typically referred to as any
ethnic group.
Negative
reinforcement
The removal of something
undesirable in order to increase a
behavior
Non-routine
problem solving
Solving a problem for which there is
not an easily identifiable solution
available.
Non-verbal
message
A communication expressed with
body language, gestures, tone of
voice, expression, etc.
Non-verbal cues
communication
Norm-referenced
test
objective
What the student will be able to do
or know at the end of the lesson.
Must be measurable
observation
The careful watching and recording
of events or behavior for later
reflection and analysis
Observation data
Data collected by the teacher through
careful watching and charting of specific
student behavior.
Observable behavior
Behaviors for objectives must be able o
be seen or heard so that teachers can
measure or assess how well an objective
and/or task has been accomplished.
Organizational
skills
One factor in learning that involves
categorizing and repetition by
children
Overlapping
or
multi-tasking
Doing more than one thing at a time.
i.e. the teacher who is teaching one
group but making eye contact with
other students who are off task.
Over learning
Practicing or learning a skill beyond
mastery so that the material will
remain in memory longer.
Parenting styles
Four style of raising children have been
identified:
permissive
rejecting-neglecting
authoritarian
authoritative
Pedagogy
How to teach
Percentile rank
Standardized scores that compare an individual
with other test taker and report that he/she
scored as well as or better than a certain
percentage of the norm sample
Performance-based
assessment
An alternative assessment method
based on a student’s performance of
a skill based on a real-life situation
Peer teaching
In teacher education classes it is where
pre-service teachers practice teaching a
lesson to one another in order to gain
practice in teaching.
Peer tutoring
Students in elementary through
secondary schools are often asked to
assist another student with a concept
Performance
assessment
Assessment that involves having
students do activities that are real.
Physically challenged
Those who possess some type of bodily
condition that prevents them from
performing certain actions such as
walking, speaking and seeing.
Jean Piaget
Theorist who created theory of
development based on the
observation of children
play
Voluntary, meaningful action initiated by
children where reality is suspended; in
play, skills can be practiced, symbolism
employed , rules followed in games.
Positive reinforcement
The process of rewarding behaviors that
are desirable .For example M & M’s or
stars are given for good behavior
portfolio
An authentic assessment tool used
to assess student progress; consists
of a collection of the student’s work.
prejudice
The mindset and resulting action that
consistently thrust negative response on
a particular person or groups of people
Probing questions
A follow up question used to
encourage deeper thinking through
elaboration, clarification, justification,
etc.
Positive
reinforcement
The introduction of something disliked
or distasteful to decrease a behavior.
Presentation
punishment
Solving a problem for which there is
a procedure to follow that makes the
answer readily available
Private speech
Vygotsky’s term for young children’s
talking themselves through tasks abound;
this develops as we grow older into
mentally talking ourselves through tasks.
Probing questions
Questions that are asked after a student
response in an effort to get the student to
give additional information or to think at a
deeper level. For example, “What
makes you think that?”
Prompting questions
Questions that guide students to a correct
answer through the use of cues or
prompts, especially after an incorrect
response.
Public Law 94-142
Federal law requiring all schools receiving
federal funds to provide an education in the least
restrictive environment of all disabled students.
This law was the beginning of special education
as we know it today.
Pull out programs
Programs that remove special
needs children from the regular
classroom for special instruction.
For example, reading recovery is a
pull-out program.
Raw score
A report of exactly how many items
were answered correctly on a test.
Readiness
The assessment of a student’s
ability to complete tasks.
Reliability
The consistency of test results over time. A
reliable test is one that yields similar results
time after time when administered to the
same type or level of students and under the
same conditions.
Reciprocal teaching
Teaching strategy that teaches students to ‘think
like a teacher’ Teachers model asking questions
about material read. Then, the students take the
role of the teacher and asks questions about the
next section of the text to the teacher.
redirecting
If a student fails to give a compete
response, the teacher may ask another
student, “Ben, what do you think?” This is
redirecting.
Reflective listening
The process of listening and
summarizing a student's response to
indicate it was heard and
understood
remediation
From the root word remedy, instruction
designed to assist students who are
having difficulty in school. Tutoring is one
form of remediation.
reteach
The process of teaching a lesson in a
different way to students who do not
master the original instructional objective.
Removal
punishment
The removal of something
pleasurable in order to decrease a
behavior
rehearsal
The process of repeating
information over and over to oneself
to keep it in working memory
responsiveness
Referring to a teacher, this means
acknowledging differences in students
experiences and prior knowledge and using
these differences to respond with understanding.
Risk-free
environment
A place or situation in which one
feels secure enough to take chance.
Role playing
For a deeper understanding of a concept,
the students act out roles. For example a
student may role play a word problem in
math.
Rote learning
Memorizing information as opposed
to learning it in ways that could be
discussed or explained.
Routine problem
solving
Solving a problem for which there is
a procedure to follow that makes the
answer readily available.
rubric
Guidelines for accomplishing a task
and including examples of both
good and poor results
Run on questions
More than one questions asked at a time.
scaffolding
Strategies used to bridge gaps
between what students know and
new content that can be taught.
Scale score
This is a statistical score which compares
a score with a minimum passing standard
based upon the difficulty of the test.
(TAKS)
schema
Building blocks of thought that enable us
to understand our world and help guide
our interactions with object and events
according to Piaget.
scope
How much or how deeply into a
topic discussion will delve
Self-directed
learning
The ability to learn something without
direct instruction from a teacher. The goal
of education is to prepare all students to
become self-directed learners.
Self-concept
One’s perception of himself or herself
Self efficacy
The belief that one is capable of
accomplishing something
Self-esteem
How one feels about his or her perception
of self
Self assessment
A process in which students reflect
on their achievement and progress
simulation
An imitative representation of a system or
situation. It allows students to participate
in an activity without the risks. Often
simulations involve role playing
Site-based
decision making
Brings the decision making to the
school
Site-based
management
Decisions about the school are
made by a committee at the school
Socioeconomic
or
social class
status
A composite of five equally weighed
standardized components: father’s education,
mother’s education, family income, father’s
occupation and household items.
Social development
Occurs as humans interact with others,
although inherent personality traits may
influence the nature of these interactions.
Social learning
theory
A theory of learning that emphasizes
what we learn through observing the
behavior of others in our environment.
Sponge activity
An activity employed when children
enter a room where the lesson will not
begin for a moment.
spreadsheet
An accounting program for a
computer; also the ledger layout
modeled by such a program.
stability
The degree to which something is
believed to be changeable or not.
Standardized test
Test developed by commercial publisher that
compares students results to either a norming
sample of individual (norm-referenced tests) or
compares results to a set of criteria (criterionreferenced tests). The SAT is a norm-referenced
and the TAKS and the TExES are criterionreferenced tests.
State Board of
Educator Certification
(SBEC)
The state agency responsible for the
certification of Texas teachers
State Board of
Education
The elected group of people that
approves all public school rules and
regulations
State-wide initiative
A program that is adopted for all schools
in a state. The initiative is usually for
remedial purposes and is funded by the
state government.
stereotyping
The assumption that certain beliefs based
on skin color or other forms of physical,
religious, or other cultural identifiers are
true of all people of that type.
Stress factors
Children may become anxious and
nervous because of situations in their
homes or community and because of this
stress may have difficulties in learning.
Student-centered
teacher
The teaching style that Texas prefers to
see its teachers use. Teachers employ a
facilitating manner and constantly focus
on the needs of the learners in every
respect.
Summative
assessment
An assessment that is done after a
lesson is taught. It is used to evaluate
learning and to guide instruction and the
curriculum
supervisor
In public schools, each program,
such as special education, has a
person in charge of those programs
in the district. They are usually
situated at the central office and
report to the superintendent.
Summative data
Assessment data collected after instruction to
evaluate a student’s mastery of the curriculum
objectives and a teacher’s effectiveness at
delivering instruction.
synthesis
A cognitive process that is one form
of higher level thinking. It involves
putting ideas or pieces together to
form a whole idea.
superintendent
The chief educational leader in the local school
district. Is employed by the local school board
and has responsibility for the provision of quality
educational offerings in the district in compliance
with all laws, regulations and policies.
Task analysis
Breaking a task into small sub-skills. i.e.
prior to writing a research report, one
might select a topic, formulate a question,
read to find information, etc.
Taxonomy
A system of classification.
Teacher-made tests
Informal measures of student progress
based on the objectives of the curriculum
and classroom
Teachable moment
Unplanned event that lends itself to
teaching something to students
Test bias
The fairness of the test
Teacher
certification
A certification awarded to individual
after completion of specific state
requirements.
Teacher
expectation
A teacher’s belief about how successful a
student will be in school. Texas teachers
should have high expectations for all
students in the class.
Teaching style
The manner in which a teacher
presents instruction
TAKS
Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills
State mandated assessment for
ensuring school accountability for
student achievement
TEKS
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills
the curriculum set by the state as a guide
for each grade level tested through the
TAKS. (there are also guides for the
lower grades)
TEA
Texas Education Agency
State agency responsible for
overseeing public education in
Texas
TEC
Texas Education Code
Statues passed by Texas
Legislature in Senate Bill I in 1995
that governs Texas public schools.
Texas Learning Index
(TLI)
An index that is statistically figured to allow
teachers to compare children’s performance
across grade levels or years. i.e 3-68 would
indicate that the child is at the third grade
level however only scored positive at 68% of
the material.
TExES
Texas Examination of Educator Standards
State licensing examination for new
teachers or new teachers to Texas.
Thematic teaching
Organizing instruction around a central theme
such as ‘systems’ Often the instruction crosses
between disciplines and is integrated thematic
teaching. Often language arts, science, social
studies, and math are integrated into a team of
teachers that teach a central theme to a group of
students.
Time-out
Form of discipline that places a child
away from the other students for a
short amount of time.
Title I
(formerly Chapter
1)
Remedial program for poor and
disadvantaged.
Title VI
Civil rights Act
Act which state that any school receiving
federal funds may not discriminate
against student on the basis of race, color
or national origin.
Title VII
Bilingual Education Act
Provides funding for non-Englishspeaking students
Title IX
Bars gender discrimination in
schools receiving federal funds
transition
Moving from one activity or setting
to another
Types of involvement
Parents may participate in school involvements
at one of six levels:
basic obligations of parenting
communications
Volunteering
Learning activities at home
Decision making and advocacy
Community collaboration
Unit
Group of lessons planned around a
control topic
Unit Plan
Written plan for teaching a unti. The plan
usually looks at broad areas to be
covered over a week or longer. It usually
does not contain the daily lesson plans.
validity
The truthfulness of the assessment
information; does the score report really
measure what it is purports to measure?
Value Centered
education
A teaching program that focuses on
teaching values to students.
Value-centered
education
A teaching program that focuses on
teaching values to students
Verbal
reinforcement
Using positive comments when students
are doing something well. The idea is to
use positive comments to cause a
response to occur more often
Vicarious learning
Learning that results from seeing
someone else’s behavior rewarded
or punished
Wait time
A practice of a teacher waits for 5 -7
seconds after asking a question to allow
all students to have time to think about
the questions and formulate and answer.
Whole class
discussion
A discussion which involves all students I
the class discussing a topic as opposed
to discussion in small group.
Whole Language
Approach
Philosophical approach to teaching
reading using complete texts rather than
excerpts and having students respond in
writing and through discussion to the text.
With-it-ness
The teacher is aware of everything
that is going on in the classroom
Working memory
A place where information is temporarily
stored in our minds (usually about 20
seconds or less) – may also be called
short term memory
Zone of proximal development
(Vygotsky)
The zone of proximal development
is just a bit harder than what the
child can do alone.
Thank you.
Best of luck on your
upcoming PPR test.