Bad News
OCCUPATUS
LABORANTES
SPECTANT
NUNTIUS
VENIT
SALUTAT
SALVE!
INQUIT
MEUS
DUCIT
TRADIT
EHEU!
PRINCEPS
AD URBEM
REVOCAT
CONSULERE
REDIRE
EUGEPAE!
IRE
Expanding Your English
Vocabulary
1. The emperor has the power to call back a senator’s privileges.
2. Wearing the toga was a well established custom handed down
among Roman citizens.
3. The messenger’s greeting to the boys was friendly.
4. The games in the arena attract many observers.
5. Cornelia enjoys her time in Baiae more than city life.
6. The visitor declared that he was a messenger from the emperor.
7. The emperor’s letter brought forth a groan of disappointment
from Cornelia.
8. The messenger’s business is to deliver the emperor’s letters.
9. The emperor composes formal letters to instruct the senators.
Word Bank:
tradition (tradit)________
spectators (spectant) _________
revoke (revocat) __________
consultant (consulere) __________
produced (ducit) __________
salutation (salutat) ________
urban (urbem) _________
epistles (epistulas) _________
occupation (occupatus) _________
announced (nuntius) __________
Pre-Reading…
In villa sedet vir Romanus, nomine Gaius
Cornelius, qui est pater Marci et Corneliae.
Cornelius est senator Romanus. Solus sedet
quod multas epistulas scribere vult. Dum pater
occupatus est, Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia in
agris vicinis errant. Ibi multos servos laborantes
FABULA
spectant.
Subito nuntium conspiciunt qui ad eos venit.
Nuntius, ubi advenit, pueros salutat.
“Salve!” respondet Marcus. “Quem tu petis?”
Nuntius, “Gaium Cornelium peto,” inquit.
Marcus, “Gaius Cornelius est pater meus,” inquit.
“Est in villa.” Nuntium in villam ducit et patrem petit.
FABULA
“Pater,” inquit Marcus, “nuntius in villa est.”
Cornelius statim venit et nuntium salutat.
Epistulam nuntius tradit. Cornelius, ubi epistulam
legit, “Eheu!” inquit. “Princeps senatores Romanos
ad urbem revocat. Eos consulere vult. Necesse est
ad urbem redire.”
“Eugepae!” clamat Sextus, qui Romam ire vult.
potest.
FABULA
Gemit Cornelia quod Flavia urbem venire non
Reading Comprehension
1. Cur Cornelius solus sedet?
 2. Ubi Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia errant?
 3. Quos spectant in agris?

Quos…? Whom…? (plural)
 4. Quis advenit?
 5. Quem nuntius petit?
 6. Cur princeps senators Romanos ad urbem
revocat?
 7. Quis clamat “Eugepae!” Cur?
 8. Cur gemit Cornelia?

Translation Review
1. Quis multas epistulas scribere vult?________________ multas epistulas scribere vult.
2. Quis pueros salutat? ________________ pueros salutat.
3. Quis Gaium Cornelium petit? ________________ Gaium Cornelium petit.
4. Quis nuntium in villam ducit? ________________ nuntium in villam ducit.
5. Quis epistulam tradit? ________________ epistulam tradit.
6. Quis epistulam legit? ________________ epistulam legit.
7. Quis “Eheu!” inquit? ________________ senatores revocat.
8. Quis senatores revocat? ________________ senatores revocat.
9. Quis est laetus quod necesse est Romam ire? ________________ est laetus quod
necesse est Romam ire.
10. Quis ad urbem ire non potest? ________________ ad urbem ire non potest.
Forms: Nouns and Adjectives:
The Endings –as, -os, and -es
Examples:
Multas epistulas scribit.
He writes many letters.
Multos servos spectant.
They watch many slaves.
Senatores Romanos revocat.
He recalls the Roman senators.
multas epistulas, multos servos, and senatores
Romanos use the new endings
singular accusative direct objects end in M
plural accusative direct objects usually end in S
Nouns: Cases and Declensions
Subject of a verb or a complement with est or sunt is the
NOMINATIVE CASE
Direct Object of a verb is the ACCUSATIVE CASE
Examples:
NOMINATIVE
Lupus eum terret.
The wolf frightens him.
ACCUSATIVE
Puellae lupum vident.
The girls see the wolf.
Lupi pueros terrent.
The wolves frighten the boys.
Servi lupos repellunt.
The slaves drive off the wolves.
Puella est laeta.
The girl is happy.
Mater puellam laetam videt.
The mother sees the happy girl.
1st Declension
Number
Case
2nd Declension
3rd Declension
Singular
Nominative
Accusative
puella
puellam
servus
servum
puer
puerum
ager
agrum
pater
patrem
vox
vocem
Plural
Nominative
Accusative
puellae
puellas
servi
servos
pueri
pueros
agri
agros
patres
patres
voces
voces
Notes:
Most 1st declension nouns are feminine
Most 2nd declension nouns are masculine
Some 3rd declension nouns are masculine and some are feminine
Direct Object ID
1. Cornelius multas epistulas scribit.
2. Pueri magnam arborem in agris vident.
3. Nuntius qui ad pueros venit magnos clamores audit.
4. Magnas voces audit.
5. Nuntius pueros defessos salutat.
6. Princeps senatores Romanos ad urbem revocat.
7. Sextus ad magnam urbem ire vult.
8. Cornelia ad urbem redire non vult quod villam rusticam et amicam
vicinam amat.
Fill in the Blanks
A Latin noun in the nominative case is used as the
______________________ of the verb. A Latin noun in the accusative
case is used as the ______________________
______________________ of the verb. The Latin nouns met so far fall
into ______________________ declensions. Nouns in the
______________________ declension end in –a in the nominative
singular; but a few nouns, like ______________________ and
______________________, end in –r. The nominative singular of the
______________________ declension varies from noun to noun. Some
examples of 3rd declension nouns are: ______________________,
______________________, and ______________________.
Endings Practice
1st Declension 2nd Declension
3rd Declension
Singular
Nominative
Accusative
VILL___
VILL___
LUP___
LUP___
PUER
PUER___
AGER
AGR___
VIR
VIR___
ARBOR
ARBOR___
URBS
URB___
Plural
Nominative
Accusative
VILL___
VILL___
LUP___
LUP___
PUER___
PUER___
AGR___
AGR___
VIR___
VIR___
ARBOR___
ARBOR___
URB___
URB___
Nom.
1. voc___
2. serv___
Acc.
Nom.
voc___ 3. puer___
serv___ 4. agr___
Acc.
puer___
agr___
Nom.
5. patr___
6. puell___
Acc.
patr___
puell___
Subjects and Direct Objects
1. Cornelius ___________________ scribit. (epistula: sing.)
2. Nuntius ___________________ salutat. (puer: pl.)
3. ___________________ Davum saepe vexant. (puer: pl.)
4. Davus multas ___________________ audit. (vox: pl.)
5. ___________________ rivum conspiciunt. (puella: pl.)
6. Cornelia ___________________ audit. (vox: sing.)
7. Multae ___________________ Corneliam terrent. (vox: pl.)
8. ___________________ Davus reprehendit. (servus: pl.)
9. Pueri ___________________ sollicitos in via vident. (pater: pl.)
10. Pueros sollicitos ___________________ in via vident. (pater: pl.)
11. Lupos ___________________ terret. (puella: pl.)
12. ___________________ puellam sollicitam vident. (servus: pl.)
13. Marcus ___________________ petit. (pater: sing.)
14. Servi ___________________ conspiciunt. (ager: sing.)
15. Davus ___________________ spectat. (ager: pl.)
Rehash Direct Object ID

1. Cornelius multas epistulas scribit.

2. Pueri magnam arborem in agris vident.

3. Nuntius qui ad pueros venit magnos clamores audit.

4. Magnas voces audit.

5. Nuntius pueros defessos salutat.

6. Princeps senatores Romanos ad urbem revocat.

7. Sextus ad magnam urbem ire vult.

8. Cornelia ad urbem redire non vult quod villam rusticam et amicam
vicinam amat.
Building the Meaning: Reading
with Attention to Cases
How to read a Latin sentence: identify the case of each noun AS YOU
MEET IT to decide what the function of the word will be in the sentence
as a whole. As you meet each noun and decide its function, you will
form expectations about what is likely to come later to complete the
meaning of the sentence.
Examples:
1. Servus currit.
The first word we meet is servus. We know that it is the subject of
the verb because we recognize that it is in the nominative case. The
verb (currit) then tells us what the slave is “doing.”
2. Servus Davum conspicit.
We go from servus (nominative=subject) to Davum and recognize
that Davum is the direct object of the verb because we recognize it
as accusative case. Davum also tells us that the verb in this
sentence is transitive, because Davum is a direct object and direct
objects appear only with transitive verbs. The verb tells us what the
slave is “doing” to Davus.
3. Davum pueri vexant.
The first word we meet is Davum. We recognize it as
accusative case. The next word is pueri. We recognize that it
is nominative, and therefore it is the boys who are doing
something to Davus. The verb vexant tells us what they are
doing.
4. Ramum arripit.
We recognize Ramum as accusative case, and we know
immediately that someone is doing something to a branch.
Since there is no noun in the nominative case, the ending of
the verb indicates the subject (he/she) and the meaning of the
verb completes the sense.
Attention to Case Practice
1. Lupus puellas terret.
2. Puellae silvam amant.
3. Davum et servos pueri vexare non timent.
4. Pueros et puellas lupi semper terrent.
5. Servi lupos ex agris repellunt.
6. Nuntium pueri et puella in agris vicinis conspiciunt.
7. Ubi pueros nuntius salutat, Cornelia ad villam currit.
8. Matrem Cornelia statim petit.
9. “Nuntium,” inquit Cornelia, “pueri in agris nunc salutant.”
10. “Necesse est,” respondet Aurelia, “cibum parare.”
11. Cibum ancillae parant.
12. Cornelius, ubi advenit nuntius, eum salutat.
13. Epistulam Cornelius legit.
14. Aurelia nuntium salutat et “Ecce! Cibum ancilla,” inquit, “portat.”
15. Statim advenit ancilla, et cibum portat.
Building the Meaning: Nominative or
Accusative Plural? How Do You Decide?
In 3rd declension nouns, the ending of both the nominative and accusative plural is –es. When you meet a noun
with this ending, you cannot tell from the word itself whether it will be a subject or direct object. TO do so in
the sentences below, you must first identify the case of the other noun in each sentence. Note the kind of
logic modeled below these sentences:
1. Pueri clamores audiunt.
-Since pueri is in the nominative case and is therefore the subject of the verb, clamores must be in the
accusative case and therefore the direct object.
2. Pueros clamores terrent.
-Since pueros is accusative, clamores must be nominative.
3. Princeps senatores excipit.
-Since princeps is nominative, we assume that senatores will be accusative. This is confirmed by the singular
transitive verb excipit.
4. Principem senatores excipiunt.
-Since principem is accusative, we assume that senatores will be nominative. This is confirmed by the fact that
the verb excipiunt is plural.
5. Clamores matres audiunt.
-Where both nouns end in –es and the verb is plural, it is the sense that indicates that clamores is accusative
and matres nominative.
6. Magnos clamores patres audiunt.
7. Magni clamores patres terrent.
-The endings on the adjectives tell that clamores is accusative in Sentence 6, and nominative in 7.
Nominative or Accusative?
1. Flavia arbores conspicit.
2. Hodie Flavia arbores ascendere vult.
3. Quod arbores Sextum nunc terrent, puer molestus
ad villam redit.
4. Brevi tempore matres puellas revocant.
5. Puellae voces non audiunt.
6. Aurelia, “Eheu!” inquit, “puellae arbores non
ascendunt.”
7. Matres puellas ex arbore descendere iubent.
Writing in Latin
1. Cornelius is writing letters in the country house.
2. The boys run into the woods, because they* want (volunt) to climb
trees there.
3. Suddenly they* hear a voice.
4. A messenger comes toward them and says, “I am looking for
Cornelius.”
5. “The emperor is recalling the senators.”
6. “It* is necessary to return to the city.”
7. Cornelius wants to write many letters.
8. Marcus and Sextus watch many slaves working in the fields.
9. The messenger greets the boys.
10. The messenger is looking for Gaius Cornelius.
11. The messenger hands over a letter.
12. It* is necessary to return to the city immediately.
13. Sextus wishes to go to Rome, but Flavia cannot.
Culture: The
Roman Villa

Cities
 Majority lived in
insulae (apartments)
 Cornelius lived in a
domus (self
contained house)

Country
 Villa (country house)

Country Houses
Houses had three distinct
areas
 First Area: accommodation for
the owner and family when they
came to the country (usually in
the summer)
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
BA
BA
BA
BA
B
DR
T
R
BR
B
R
garden
Garden with a fishpond
Dining room
Bedrooms
Bakery
Tool room
Baths
kitchen

Second Area
 Housed livestock
 Slave quarters for year round workers

Third Area





Room for pressing grapes
Olive pressing rooms
Farmyard with wine vats
Barn for storage grain
Area-open space for threshing grain
livestock
Pressing grapes
Slaves
quarters
Wine vats
Olive
press
B
A
R
N
Threshing
floor
Davus (vilicus-overseer) ran the villa
rustica in Cornelius’ absence
 Some landowners had tenant farmers

Columella, On Agriculture I.VII-VIII

The owner should conduct himself civilly with his tenants, and
speak affably, not haughtily, to them; he should be more
concerned about their work than their payments of rent, because
this offends them less and in the long run is more profitable. For
the position of vilicus, a man should be chosen who has borne up
under heavy work, one who has been tried by experience. He
should be past young manhood and yet not be old, because older
men think it beneath them to take orders from a young man, and
an old man will break down under heavy labor. Let him be middle
aged, strong, skilled in farming or at least able to learn. As for the
other slaves, I myself talk rather familiarly with them for it lightens
their toil, and I even make jokes with them and allow them to
make jokes. I also now make it my practice to consult them on
any new work, as if they were experienced, so that I can come to
know their abilities. Moreover, they are more willing to undertake a
task on which they think their opinions have been asked and on
which I have followed their advice.
Villa urbana
“city villa” separate from the
accommodations of the farm
 Could be very luxurious and take up nearly
the entire estate

 Winter and summer apartments-oriented to the
seasonal sunlight

Pliny the Younger
 Villa urbana near Laurentum described in a
letter to a friend

Villa maritimae=houses by the sea (mare)
Pliny the Younger’s Villa Urbana
Decorating
Romans loved natural beauty and artistic
representations of it
 Walls in city and country houses would be
painted

 Pliny the Elder (uncle of Pliny the Younger)
○ With pictures “of country houses and landscaped
gardens, copses, woods, hills, fish ponds and
canals, rivers, coasts, and any other scenery one
could desire, and scenes of people strolling along
or sailing in a boat, or traveling to the country in
carriages, people fishing, fowling and hunting, or
gathering grapes”
Pliny the Younger’s villa urbana in Etruria
“Opposite the dining room at the corner of the
colonnade is a large bedroom. From some of its
windows you look onto the terrace, from others onto the
meadow, while the windows in front overlook an
ornamental pool which is a pleasure both to see and
hear. For the water, falling from a height, foams white in
the marble basin. The bedroom is very warm in the
winter, being so exposed to the sun, and on a cloudy
day the hot air from the nearby furnace takes the place
of the sun’s heat. From here you pass through a
spacious and pleasant changing room into the “cold
bath” room in which there is a large bath out of the full
sunlight. But if you want more space to swim in and
warmer water, there is a pool in the courtyard and near
it a fountain in which you can cool yourself if you’ve had
enough of the heat.”
 “I can relax there with fuller and more carefree
enjoyment. I need never wear a toga; nobody calls from
next door. All is calm and quiet, which makes the place
healthy, as do the clear sky and pure air. There I enjoy
health of body and mind, for I keep my mind in training
by study and my body by hunting.”

Model of a Roman House
House of Pansa
A. Ostium or fauces into the house
B. Tuscan atrium
C. Cubicula
D. Alae
E. Tablinum
F. Fauces into garden
G. Peristyle
H. Servants' hall
K. Triclinium
L. Oecus
M. Posticum ostium
N. Culina
P. Portico
Q. Garden
R. Reservoir which supplies water to S.
S. Tank
House of the Vetii
House of the Tragic Poet
1. Ostium or fauces into the house
2. Atrium
3. Chambers for family and guests
4. Landing and stairs up
5. Alae
6. Tablinum
7. Fauces into garden
8. Peristyle
9. Triclinium
10. Kitchen
11. Cubicula
House of Sallust
2nd century B.C.
79 A.D.
Atrium
Compluvium
Impluvium
Cubiculum
First Style
Second Style
Third Style
Fourth Style
Reproductions of Lararia
Lararium Showing Lares
and Penates
From the House of the Vetii
Statue of a Lar
From the House of Caecilius
Peristyliulm/Hortus
Triclinium
Culina
MythBuster: Aphrodite







Roman Name: Venus
Greek Name: Aphrodite
(Ajrodith)
Parents: Zeus and Dione
(according to Homer) or born from
Cronus’ severed sexual member
(according to Hesiod)
Dominion: Love and beauty
Favorite Places: Cyprus, Corinth,
Cythera
Symbols: Rose, dove
Archetype: Emotionally open,
appreciative of beauty and luxury;
can be vain





“stirs up sweet desire in the gods and tames the tribes of mortal
men and all the birds and beasts and creatures of the sea”Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite
Epithets: radiant, gold wreathed
Only three gods she cannot sway: Hestia, Athena, Artemis
Name means “one born from foam”
Played an important role in Trojan War
 Offered Paris the golden apple
 Intervened to save Paris and her son Aeneas

Had numerous lovers: Ares, and others
 Children: several, best known=Cupid (Eros)