中西方教育理念的异同
Educational
Philosophy
When an NFL game was rescheduled due to the weather
forecast predicting a blizzard this what the Governor of
Pennsylvania, Ed Rendell, had to say …
The Chinese are kicking our butt in
everything. If this was in China do you
think the Chinese would have called off
the game? People would have been
marching down to the stadium. They
would have walked and they would have
been doing calculus on the way down…
有一次美国橄榄球联赛因为天气预报有
暴风而需要改期，宾夕法尼亚州的一个官员，
Ed Rendell , 无奈地说：
中国总有一些东西让我们美国相形
见绌。如果是在中国的话，赛事会取消
吗？他们会排队走入体育场，会一边走
一边做微积分的题目……（踏实、做得
好、不抱怨、理科好）
一群美国的政
客和学者非常焦虑
美国教育的现状和
发展方向。他们相
信中国、韩国以及
芬兰等北欧国家的
教育要比美国好，
他们甚至建议美国
的教育应该模仿上
海的教育。
China's Four Great
Inventions
‘We sought to rule this great country not by
force, but by wisdom’
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The civil examination
Placed emphasis on rule by learned people
Highly competitive
Familiarity with the Four books and Five classics
Instilled self motivation and a willingness to eat
bitterness
• Success was meritocratic, dependent purely on the
exam
‘我们是靠智慧，而非武力来管理这个大国的。
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科举考试
崇拜先贤
激烈的竞争
熟读四书五经
吃苦耐劳的自我学习，信奉苦尽甘来
考试决定一切
The development of Language
语言的发展
China 中 国
England 英 国
.
Arts versus Science
• After 1905 the Confucian classics were largely
rejected
• From 1949 onwards China’s attempt to
modernise meant emphasis was placed on
Maths and Science in the curriculum
1905年之后： 自从1905年废除科举制度，
中国的教育迅速背离了孔孟思想，远离了文学和
哲学。尤其是1949年以后，为了赶上世界其他国
家，中国教育极度倾向于数理化教学，“学好数
理化，走遍天下都不怕”的思想盛行至今。
人文知识和自然科学的对抗
Impact of the two
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High value on education
Highly motivated students
Very high level of Maths and Science*
High emphasis on memorization
Great respect for the teacher
Students pay great attention to exams
Meritocratic
Impact of the two
利弊分析
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高度重视教育
学生学习自觉性高
高水平的数理化生成绩
对记忆力的高度重视
老师被高度尊重的现象
学生对考试成绩的重视
精英教育
Impact of the two
• High value on education – but what kind of education?
• Highly motivated students - but is this intrinsic or
extrinsic?
• Very high level of Maths and Science – but at the expense of
humanities?
• High emphasis on memorisation – but rote learning reduces
creativity
• Great respect for the teacher – but also a heavy reliance
• Meritocratic – Is this part of the reason people go abroad?
Impact of the two
利弊分析
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重视的是哪种教育
这种自觉性是源于内在的还是外在的呢？
牺牲了人文学科知识
死记硬背抹杀了孩子的创造力
高度依赖老师
精英教育是否是出国的原因之一
Central tenets of Western
education
• Practical learning and the meaningful application of
knowledge
• The Teacher as a facilitator
• The importance of creativity
• The development of critical thinking
• Independent learners motivated by love of learning
• Developing confidence and individual differences
• The importance of co-curricular activities
西方教育原则
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实践中学习和知识的实践运用
教师只提供学习的帮助
创新意识的重要性
批判性思维的发展
建立在浓厚学习兴趣上的独立学习者
发展自信而独特的个性教育
课外活动的重要性
The meaningful
application of knowledge
• Lu Chao
• 鲁超
• Peter Hessler
The meaningful
application of knowledge
Steve Wozniak: Apple couldn’t emerge in societies like
Singapore where …..people are not taught to think for
themselves.
Kai-fu Lee: The next Apple or Google will appear, but
not in China… unless it abolishes its education system.
---September 15, 2010 “Building the Future” seminar during the World
Economic Forum hosted in Tianjin, China.
有意义的知识运用
Steve Wozniak: 苹果不会出现在新加坡这样
的国家，因为他们还没有学会独立思考
李开复：下一个苹果和谷歌这样的公司将会出
现，但不会出现在中国，除非他们废除现行考试
制度。
2010年9月15日，世界经济论坛“创造未来”
在中国天津召开。
Role of the teacher in China
Role of the teacher in the West
Creativity and practicality in
lessons
• Composition in music
• Art work
• English – writing own poetry and stories
• Science experiments
• Business Studies – real companies and situations
• Maths, always applied to a real problem
课堂中的创新教育和实践教育
• 作曲
• 美术创作
• 英语 –创作诗歌和文学故事
• 科学实验
• 商科学习 –真实案例
• 数学---用知识解决生活中的问题
Creativity isn’t a western
concept
• Du Fu
• Cao xueqin
• Pu Songling
杜甫
曹雪芹
蒲松龄
• Chinese art
岳敏君
岳敏君作品
Critical thinking and
evaluation
• Students are taught to reach independent
judgements
• Art evaluation
• History ‘what was the most important reason or
event
• The higher authority is not always right
• Everyone is taught to justify their views
• 学生需要养成独立判断的能力
• 艺术作品评判
• 了解历史重大事件和导致事件的最重要的原因
• 权威人士的观点并不一定都是正确的
• 学生需要解释事情正确的原因和理由
批判式思维培养和教育
Intrinsic love of learning
• To love learning for the joy of learning not for
fear of exams
• To be able to learn independently, not to rely
on the teacher
• 学习是因为真正有兴趣而不是应付考试；
• 需要学会独立的学习，而不是依赖老师的学
习。
好学的内在因素的培养
Confidence and fear of
failure
• Loss of face is a very powerful concept in
China
• It can lead to a fear of failure and
unwillingness to try things
• But successful businesses require innovators
• JK Rowling, 12 rejections before publication
• 中国人惧怕丢脸
• 这会导致害怕失败和不愿意尝试
• 但是成功需要创新者
• JK罗林，书籍出版以前被拒绝12次的故事
自信和失败恐惧
乔丹
我一生中失误了9000个球；我输了近300场
比赛；因为信任我，才上我上场去赢取制胜的
分数，但是我没有投中的次数有26次。在我一
生中，我一次又一次失败，当然这也是我成功
的原因。
• Education should focus on developing children’s
strengths, not “fixing their deficiencies.”
• Lady Gaga
• Beat boxing
Individuality
• 教育的核心应该是发展孩子的长处，而不是
修正孩子的不足
• Lady Gaga
• B-boxing
个性化教育
The independence and social skills American children
develop give them a huge advantage when they join
the workforce. They learn to experiment, challenge
norms, and take risks. They can think for themselves,
and they can innovate. This is why America remains
the world leader in innovation;
在进入社会以前，美国学生的独立性和社交能力
已经独具一格，是他们很大的优势。他们习惯体验，
挑战墨守成规的东西，喜欢冒险，他们善于思考，
具有改革意识，这也是美国领先世界的原因。
一位印度商业巨头Vivek Chudwa
Co- Curricular activities
• Duke of Edinburgh
• Importance of team sports, particularly rugby
• Importance of community service
• Adventure
• Risk taking
• Teamwork
课外活动
• 爱丁堡公爵勋章
• 团队运动的重要性，例如橄榄球
• 社区服务的重要性
• 承担责任
• 敢于冒险
• 敢于合作
Summary
• Both systems have strengths and weaknesses
• The Chinese work ethic is much envied by the
West
• China clearly has excellent Maths and Science
knowledge
• Yet the Chinese system still focusses on
imitating rather than innovating
综上所述
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中西方教育各有利弊
中国人的职业素养让西方人仰慕
中国的数理化教学突出
但是中国的教育依然停留在模仿的层面，
而非创新
China is changing
• Govt aware and strides being made in HK and Shanghai
particularly
• in 2001 the Ministry of Education published a paper which
urged educators to, ‘move away from pure “bookish”
knowledge and to improve relevance’ and to ‘move away
from repetitive and mechanistic rote-learning towards
increased student participation, real-life experience and
problem solving’.
• In other the words, the Chinese government acknowledged
the need for constructive learning.
中国正在变化……
• 政府思想超前，上海和香港教育优质教育；
• 2001年中国教育部发表文章，敦促教育工作者要
改变单一注重书本知识的倾向，要注重知识间的
联系；改变重复机械的学习方式，提高学习者参
与度，现实生活中知识的运用上来；
• 也就是说，中国政府公开宣布建设性教育的迫切
需要
The future ….
• Competition will increasingly come not just from the West,
but from developing countries who learn from the West
• Whilst China is on an upward curve, so is Brazil, ROK,
South Africa, India, Indonesia, etc, all huge and
increasingly prosperous populations
• China will enjoy the advantage of speaking Mandarin, but
it’s levels of English are well below those in places like
India and South Africa
• The leaders of the future will speak Mandarin and English,
will understand Eastern and Western culture, and will
have benefitted from the best of a number of systems
未来会是怎样
• 竞争欲将激烈，不仅仅只是来自于西方国家，
还有也同时在向西方学习的发展中国家；
• 虽然中国正呈上升趋势，同样的情况还有巴
西、韩国、南非、印度、印尼等,这是一个巨
大的且在急剧增长的人群；
• 中国通用语言是普通话，但是英语水平相对
印度和南非的国家来说相对薄弱；
• 将来国家领导人最好都会说英语和中文，了
解中西方文化，这样才会产生双赢的方法。