CHAPTER
34
The Endocrine
System
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34-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
34.1 Describe the general functions of hormones
and the endocrine system.
34.2 Identify the hormones released by the
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and other
hormone-producing organs, and give the
functions of each.
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34-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
34.3 Explain the effect of stressors on the
body.
34.4 Describe the causes, signs and
symptoms, and treatments of various
endocrine disorders.
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34-4
Introduction
• The endocrine system includes the organs that
secrete hormones
• Hormones
– Regulate chemical reactions in cells
– Control functions of the organs, tissues, and other
cells
bloodstream
to
Glands
secrete
hormones
target tissues
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34-5
Hormones
• Endocrine glands
– Ductless
– Release hormones
• Directly into target tissues
• Into bloodstream to be carried to target tissues
• Hormones – chemicals secreted by a cell
that affect the functions of other cells
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34-6
Types of Hormones
• Steroidal Hormones
– Cross cell membrane
– Bind to receptor in cell nucleus
– Hormone-receptor complexes
• Turn a gene on or off
• Enable cell to carry out functions
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34-7
Types of Hormones (cont.)
• Nonsteroidal hormones
– Cannot cross the membrane
– Bind to receptors on the membrane
– Hormone-receptor complexes
• Activate G-proteins which turn on enzymes
• Cell takes on new functions
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34-8
Types of Hormones (cont.)
• Prostaglandins
– Derived from lipid molecules
– Target cells are located close by
– Produced by organs such as
•
•
•
•
•
Kidneys
Heart
Stomach
Uterus
Brain
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34-9
Negative and Positive Feedback Loops
• Negative feedback loop – hormone
release stops in response to decrease in
stimulus
As body cells take up blood glucose, glucose
levels in the blood decline, and insulin release
stops (negative feedback).
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34-10
Negative and Positive Feedback Loops
• Positive feedback loop – as long as
stimulus is present, action of hormone
continues
Milk is released and the
baby continues to feed
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34-11
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the following:
___
E Chemicals that effect cell function
A. Nonsteroidal hormone
___
B Easily cross cell membranes
B. Steroidal hormone
___
A Made of amino acids
C. G-protein
___
D Target nearby cells
D. Prostaglandins
___
C Activated by hormone-receptor
complex
E. Hormones
___
A Cannot cross cell membranes easily
___
B Estrogen and cortisol
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34-12
Hormone Production
• Hypothalamus
– Hormones
• Oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– Hormones transported to the
posterior pituitary for storage
– Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones
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34-13
The Pituitary Gland
• Controlled by the
hypothalamus
• Located at the base
of the brain
• Two lobes
– Anterior lobe
– Posterior lobe
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34-14
The Pituitary Gland (cont.)
Anterior lobe
Growth Hormone
(GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)
• Increase in size
of muscles and
bones
• Repair of tissues
• Synthesis of
melanin
• Disbursement of
melanin to skin
cells
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the
adrenal cortex to
release its
hormones
Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its
hormone (TSH)
hormones
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34-15
The Pituitary Gland (cont.)
Anterior lobe
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Females
• Production of
estrogen
• Maturation of
ova
Males – sperm
production
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Females
• Ovulation
• Production of
estrogen
Prolactin (PRL)
Females – milk
production
Males – enhances
LH
Males – production
of testosterone
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34-16
The Pituitary Gland (cont.)
Posterior lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates kidneys to
conserve water
• Decreases urine output
• Maintains blood pressure
Oxytocin (OT)
Females
• Uterine contractions
• Ejection of milk
Males – contraction of the
prostate and vas deferens
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34-17
The Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid
Glands
• Thyroid Gland
– Follicles ~ store hormones
– Hormones
• Thyroid hormones
– Increase energy production
– Stimulate protein synthesis
– Speed up repair of damaged tissues
• Calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels by
activating osteoblasts
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34-18
The Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid
Glands
• Parathyroid glands
– Posterior surface of thyroid gland
– Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) –
• An agonist to calcitonin
• Raises blood calcium levels by activating
osteoclasts
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34-19
The Adrenal Glands
• Adrenal medulla
– Central portion
– Hormones produce same effects as the
sympathetic nervous system
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
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34-20
The Adrenal Glands (cont.)
• Adrenal cortex
– Two main hormones
• Aldosterone
– Stimulates body to retain sodium
– Important in maintaining BP
• Cortisol
– Released when stressed
– Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue
repair
– Decreases inflammation
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34-21
The Pancreas
• Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
• Exocrine gland – secretes digestive
enzymes into a duct leading to the small
intestine
• Endocrine gland – secrete
hormones into blood stream
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34-22
The Pancreas (cont.)
• Islets of Langerhans
– Cells with endocrine function
• Alpha cells secrete glucagon
• Beta cells secrete insulin
Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis
Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis
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34-23
Other Hormone-Producing Organs
• Pineal body – melatonin
– Regulates circadian rhythms
– May play a role in onset of
puberty
• Thymus gland – thymosin
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34-24
Other Hormone-Producing Organs (cont.)
• The gonads
– Ovaries
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
– Testes
• Testosterone
• Stomach – gastrin
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34-25
Other Hormone-Producing Organs (cont.)
• Small intestine
– Secretin
– Cholecystokinin
• Heart – atrial natriuretic peptide ~ regulates
blood pressure
• Kidneys – erythropoietin ~ stimulates blood
cell production
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34-26
Apply Your Knowledge
1. Match the following:
ANSWER:
H Produces melatonin
___
A. Follicle-stimulating
hormone
B. ADH
C Milk production
___
A Maturation of ova and sperm production
___
C. Prolactin
D. Thyroid hormone
I Sodium retention
___
B Conservation of water
___
E Produces erythropoietin
___
D Increases cellular energy production
G Lowers blood calcium levels
F Released during stress
E. Kidneys
F. Cortisol
G. Calcitonin
H. Pineal body
I.
Aldosterone
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34-27
Apply Your Knowledge
2. What are the effects of insulin and glucagon?
ANSWER: Insulin decreases blood glucose
concentration and increases protein synthesis.
Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood
glucose and decreases protein synthesis.
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34-28
The Stress Response
• Stressor
– Any stimulus that
produces stress
– Types
• Physical factors
• Psychological factors
• Positive stimuli
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34-29
The Stress Response (cont.)
• General stress syndrome
– Physiologic response to stress
– Caused by hormone release
– Effects
• Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP
• Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood
• Increase in cortisol
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34-30
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
___
A Extreme heat
A. Physical stress
___
B Death of friend
B. Psychological stress
___
A Fractured leg
C. Positive stimulus
___
C Wedding
___
B Exam
___
B Hearing an explosion nearby
___
C “A” on an exam
___
A Flu
___
B Car stolen
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34-31
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System
Disease/Disorder Description
Acromegaly
Addison’s
disease
Enlargement of bones and
thickened skin
Causes: Too much growth
hormone produced in adults;
tumor of pituitary
Adrenal gland fails to produce
enough corticosteroids
Cause is unknown – possibly an
autoimmune dysfunction; cancer
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34-32
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Cushing’s
disease
Diabetes
insipidus
Moon face, buffalo hump, thin
arms and legs; large abdomen
Hypercortisolism
Causes: excessive production of
ACTH; tumor of the adrenal gland
or pituitary gland; long term use of
steroids
Kidneys fail to reabsorb water,
resulting in excessive urination
Cause: hyposecretion of ADH
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34-33
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Diabetes
mellitus
Type I
Type II
Gestational
Chronic disease characterized by
elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus; usually develops in
childhood
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus; primarily in adults but
increased incidence in teens
Occurs during pregnancy; usually
temporary
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34-34
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Dwarfism
Short height, abnormal facial
features, cleft lip or palate,
delayed puberty
Causes: Too little growth hormone
produced during childhood;
trauma to or tumor of the pituitary
gland
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34-35
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Gigantism
Goiter
Very tall, delayed sexual maturity,
thick facial bones
Causes: Too much growth
hormone produced during
childhood; pituitary gland tumor
Enlargement of thyroid gland,
causing swelling in neck
Cause: deficiency of iodine in diet
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34-36
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Graves’ disease
Description
Hyperthyroidism
Exophthalmos; goiter
Causes: antibodies attack the thyroid
gland, causing it to produce too much
thyroid hormone; autoimmune disorder
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34-37
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Cretinism
Myxedema
Severe hypothyroidism present
prior to or soon after birth
Causes: absence or malformation
of thyroid gland; abnormal
formation of thyroid hormones;
pituitary failure
Severe form of hypothyroidism
Causes: removal of thyroid gland;
radiation treatments to neck;
obesity; may be congenital
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34-38
Correct!
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
ANSWER:
___
F Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a
child.
in an adult
T In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water.
___
T Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism.
___
F Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism.
___
hypothyroidism
___
T Addison’s disease is the result of too little corticosteroid.
F Cushing’s disease is the result of too little ACTH.
___
too much ACTH
F Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth.
___
hypothyroidism
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34-39
In Summary
34.1 Endocrine glands are ductless glands,
releasing hormones directly into the
bloodstream and tissues.
The organs of the endocrine system produce
hormones that regulate the chemical
reactions within cells, controlling the
functions of organs, tissues, and other cells.
Hormone levels are controlled by positive
and negative feedback loops.
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34-40
In Summary (cont.)
34.2
The pituitary gland releases: GH, MSH, ACTH, TSH,
FSH, LH, PRL, ADH, and OT. The thyroid gland
releases calcitonin, T 3, and T 4. The parathyroid
gland releases PTH. The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex
produces aldosterone and cortisol. The hormonereleasing of cells in the pancreas release glucagon
and insulin. The pineal body releases melatonin; the
thymus releases thymosin and thymopoietin; ovaries
release estrogen and progesterone (females); and
the testes (males) release testosterone. The kidneys
produce erythropoietin, and the heart produces atrial
natriuretic peptide.
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34-41
In Summary (cont.)
34.3 Stressors are stimuli that produce a stress
response, a physiologic response to the
stimulus that changes the body’s functioning
in some way.
34.4 The diseases and disorders of the endocrine
system are as varied as the organs and
hormone dysfunctions that cause them. An
overview of these conditions is found in
Table 34-2.
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34-42
End of Chapter 34
Its not stress
that kills us, it
is our reaction
to it.
~ Hans Selye
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.