Chapter 1
Lecture
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Introduction to A & P
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
K Coogler
2
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”
4
Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
5
Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
There are eleven (11).
7
Organ Systems
Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
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Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life (Cont)
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
10
Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
11
Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
13
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in
common:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli; senses
change in environment
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point);regulates set-point of variables
• Effector - organ that acts in response to changes; elicits
responses that change conditions in the internal environment
14
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
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(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
The nervous and endocrine systems controls homeostasis
in the body.
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
17
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more instability in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous
adjustments
• Considered to be the uncommon loop
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
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Organization
of the Human Body
AXIAL PORTION
HEAD
NECK
TRUNK
APPENCICULAR PORTION
ARMS
LEGS
MAJOR CAVITIES
CRANIAL CAVITY
BRAIN
THORACIC CAVITY
LUNGS
MEDIASTINUM
VERTEBRAL CANAL
THYMUS
SPINAL CORD
HEART
ESOPHAGUS
TRACHEA
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
stomach
liver
spleen
gallbladder
small intestine
large intestine
PELVIC CAVITY
urinary bladder
internal reproductive
organs
*
Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity.
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This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.
Organization
of the Human Body
• Body cavities
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Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)
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Cavities of the
Head
Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses:
Paranasal sinuses:
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Middle ear cavity
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
•
Serous Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a.
covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE.
b.
lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.
• There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is
secreted for lubrication.
22
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and
abdominal organs:
a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is
called parietal pleura.
The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity,
and it is filled with serous fluid.
b. Serous Membranes of the HEART:
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral
pericardium.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is
called parietal pericardium.
The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial
cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
c.
Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called
visceral peritoneum.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal
peritoneum.
The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal
cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
24
Anatomical Terminology
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A language used to describe the
relative position of body parts;
needed for communication.
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward.
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Anatomical Terminology
Relative Positions
Superior = above; Inferior = below;
Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
Medial = center; Lateral = side;
Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side
*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.
Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
Superficial / peripheral = surface; Deep = internal.
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Midline
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions
• Median or Midsagittal – divides body into equal left and
right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
28
Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
29
Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
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Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
• Regions (9)
Left
lumbar
region
Right Hypogastric Left
iliac
iliac
region
region
region
(a)
Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
(b)
• Quadrants (4)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
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Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Occipital
(back of head)
Buccal (cheek)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Cubital (elbow)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Sacral (between hips)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)
Digital (toe)
Calcaneal (heel)
(b)
Plantar (sole)
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
 Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding
of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
 List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of
each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
 List and describe the major characteristics of life.
 Define and give examples of metabolism.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
 List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
 Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
 Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
 Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
 List the organs located in each major body cavity.
 Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
 Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
 Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
 Define aging.
 Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.
34