Bell Work 1/19

Word building





Tumor of a gland?
• adenoma
Pertaining to the head?
• cephalic
P/T Below the skin?
• hypodermic
Red blood cell?
• erythrocyte
No textbook checkout today, they have not
arrived.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 2
Terms Pertaining to the
Body as a Whole
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter Goals




Define terms that apply to the structural
organization of the body.
Identify the body cavities and recognize the
organs contained within those cavities.
Locate and identify the anatomical and
clinical divisions of the abdomen.
Locate and name the anatomical divisions of
the back.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter Goals (cont’d)


Become acquainted with terms that describe
positions, directions, and planes of the body.
Identify the meanings for new word elements
and use them to understand medical terms.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Structural Organization of the Body




CELLS–
 the fundamental unit of all living things
TISSUES–
 a group of similar cells working
together to do a specific job
ORGANS—
 types of tissue combine to form an
organ
SYSTEMS–

groups of organs
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Structural Organization of the Body

CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things
Major parts of a
cell include:
chromosomes
 nucleus
 cell membrane
 cytoplasm
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6
Study Section 1– these terms
are defined on page 35






anabolism
catabolism
cell membrane
chromosomes
cytoplasm
DNA






endoplasmic
reticulum
genes
karyotype
metabolism
mitochondria
nucleus
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7
Structural Organization of the Body


Cells are specialized to
carry out individual
functions.
Identify the following in
the image




Epithelial cell
Fat cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
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8
Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
Types of Cells
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Structural Organization of the Body
Tissues
 Different tissue types include:
Epithelial Tissue — tissues that line internal
organs and is the outer most layer of our skin
 Muscle Tissue – three types of muscle tissue
Involuntary
Voluntary
Cardiac
 Connective Tissue – fat, cartilage, bone and blood
 Nerve Tissue – conducts impulses

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10
Structural Organization of the Body

Organs: Different types of tissue combine
to form an organ

The stomach is composed of muscle, nerve,
and epithelial tissues.
 Internal organs is called viscera

Systems: Groups of organs working
together to perform complex functions

Page 37 has a list of systems
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11
Vocabulary

adipose tissue


Cartilage


skin cells that cover the body and internal surfaces
of organs
Histologist


connective tissue that attaches bones at joints
epithelial cells


collection of fat cells
Specialist in the study of tissues. Hist = tissue
Larynx

“Voice box” – the upper part of the trachea
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12
Vocabulary

pharynx


pituitary gland


Gland at the base of the brain, often referred to as
the master gland
thyroid gland


throat
Gland that surrounds the trachea
trachea

“windpipe” Tube that leads from the throat to the
bronchial tubes
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13
Body Cavities and Organs
Cavity
Organ(s)
Cranial
Brain
Thoracic
Lungs and heart
Abdominal
Stomach, small and large
intestines, spleen, pancreas
Pelvic
Portions of the small and large
intestines, bladder, rectum
Spinal
Nerves of the spinal cord
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14
Vocabulary

Ureter


Urethra


Tube from the bladder to the outside of the body
Uterus


Tube that leads from the kidney to the bladder
The womb
Viscera

Internal organs
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15
Review

Cystoscopy:



A. Study of cells
 B. Visual examination of cells
C. Removal of a sac of fluid
 D. Removal of the urinary
bladder
 E. Visual examination of the
urinary bladder

Electroencephalogram:

A. Record of electricity in the
brain
 B. Record of electricity in the
heart C. X-ray of the brain
 D. Record of sound waves in
the brain
 E. X-ray of the heart and brain
Cancerous tumor:





A. Hematoma
B. Adenoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Carcinogenic
E. Neurotomy
Pain in a joint:





A. Ostealgia
B. Arthritis
C. Osteoarthritis
D. Arthroalgia
E. Arthralgia
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16
Body Cavities

Body cavities are the
spaces within the body
that contain internal
organs (viscera).
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17
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which body cavity contains the
pleural cavity and the
mediastinum?
A. cranial
B. pelvic
C. spinal
D. thoracic
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18
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which body cavity contains the
peritoneum?
A. abdominal
B. pelvic
C. spinal
D. thoracic
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Bell work 1/24

Match the parts of the body with their correct descriptions:
a.adipose tissue
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
e.pleura
b.cartilage
f.trachea
c.larynx
g.ureter
d.pharynx
h.urethra
Throat
Collection of fat cells
Windpipe
Tube from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Voice box
Membrane surrounding the lungs
Flexible connective tissue at joints
Tube from the urinary bladder to outside of body
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20
Organs of the Abdominopelvic
and Thoracic Cavities
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21
Study Section 3

abdominal cavity

Space below the chest that contains the liver,
stomach, gallbladder and intestines

cranial cavity


Space in the head that contains the brain, skull
diaphragm

Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal
cavities.
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22
Study Section 3

dorsal (posterior)


mediastinum


Centrally located space between the lungs
pleura


Pertaining to the back
Membrane surrounding each lung
pleural cavity

Space between the pleural membrane
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Study Section 3

spinal cavity

Space within the spinal column (backbone) and
contains the spinal cord.

thoracic cavity

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs,
bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other
organs

ventral (anterior)

Pertaining to the front
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24
Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
Regions









Right Hypochondriac region
Left Hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Right Lumbar region
Left Lumbar region
Umbilical region
Right Inguinal region
Left Inguinal region
Hypogastric region
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25
Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)
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26
Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants

Quadrants




Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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27
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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28
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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29
Anatomical Divisions of the Back

Cervical


Thoracic


Loin or flank region. There are 5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacral


Chest region. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar


Neck region. There are 7 cervical vertebrae
Five bones that fuse together form the sacrum.
Coccygeal

The tailbone. A small bone of four fused pieces
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
30
Anatomical Divisions of the Back
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
31
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Name the abdominopelvic region
that is located in the central region
near the navel.
A. inguinal
B. umbilical
C. lumbar
D. hypochondriac
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
32
QUICK QUIZ:
(cont’d)
4. Name the abdominopelvic region
that is located in the lower middle
below the umbilical region.
A. inguinal
B. epigastric
C. lumbar
D. hypogastric
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
33
Bell Work 1.24

What area of the spine is at the neck?


What word means incision into a bone?


Cervical spine
Osteotomy
What cavity surrounds the lungs

Pleural cavity
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Positions, Directions, and
Planes of the Body

Positional and Directional Terms
 Anterior (ventral) -- the front side of the body
 Posterior (dorsal) -- the back side of the body
 Deep -- away from the surface
 Superficial -- on the surface
 Proximal -- near the point of attachment
 Distal -- far from the point of attachment
 Inferior -- below another structure
 Superior -- above another structure
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
35
Positional and Directional Terms
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36
Positions, Directions, and
Planes of the Body

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)




Medial – pertaining to the middle
Lateral – pertaining to the side
Supine – lying on the back
Prone – lying on the belly
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
37
Positions, Directions, and
Planes of the Body (cont'd)

Planes of the Body – an imaginary flat
surface

Frontal (coronal)
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior
portions

Sagittal (lateral)
a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left
sides

Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)
 a plane running across the body parallel to the ground
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38
Positional and Directional Terms
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39
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
abdomin/o
abdomen
adip/o
fat
anter/o
front
bol/o
to cast (throw)
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40
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
cervic/o
neck (of the body or uterus)
chondr/o
cartilage
chrom/o
color
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
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41
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
crani/o
skull
cyt/o
cell
dist/o
far, distant
dors/o
back portion of the body
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42
Combining Forms, Suffixes
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
hist/o
tissue
ili/o
ilium (of the pelvic bone)
inguin/o
groin
kary/o
nucleus
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43
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
later/o
side
lumb/o
lower back
medi/o
middle
nucle/o
nucleus
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44
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
pelv/i
pelvis
poster/o
back, behind
proxim/o
nearest
sacr/o
sacrum
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45
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
sarc/o
flesh
spin/o
spine, backbone
thel/o
nipple
thorac/o
chest
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
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46
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
umbilic/o
navel, umbilicus
ventr/o
belly side of the body
vertebro
vertebra(e), backbone(s)
viscer/o
internal organs
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47
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
PREFIXES
Combining Form
Meaning
ana-
up
cata-
down
epi-
above
hypo-
below
inter-
between
meta-
change
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48
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-eal
-iac
-ior
-ism
-ose
-plasm
-somes
-type
pertaining to
pertaining to
pertaining to
process, condition
pertaining to, full of
formation
bodies
picture, classification
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49
QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means process of
cutting the skull?
A. thoracotomy
B. craniotomy
C. diskectomy
D. arthroscopy
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50