The Body as a Whole
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs,
and list the major body systems.
2. List four types of tissue and recognize terms for their
abnormal development.
3. Recognize the directional terms and planes of the body,
match them with their descriptions, and write their
combining forms.
4. Identify the body cavities, the body regions, and the four
abdominal quadrants.
5. Recognize the terms for diagnostic procedures and
2
disorders presented in Chapter 5.
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6. Recognize the meanings of Chapter 5 word parts and
use them to build and analyze medical terms.
7. Write terms pertaining to body fluids and blood and
their disorders, as well as associated terms.
8. Write terms about body defenses, immunity, and
bioterrorism when given their definitions or match them
with their meanings.
9. Spell medical terms correctly.
Learning Objectives
(cont’d)
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3
Basic Cell Structure
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4
Organizational Scheme
Photo from Abrahams PH, Boon J, Spratt JD: McMinn’s clinical atlas of human anatomy, ed 6, St Louis, 2008,
Mosby.
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5
Body Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
muscular
skeletal
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
•
•
•
•
•
urinary
reproductive
integumentary
nervous
endocrine
6
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Main Tissue Types
A
B
C
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2007,
Saunders,
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of Elsevier
From2011,
Gartner
LP,2003
Hiattby
JL:
Color Textbook
of Histology,
ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.
Inc.
7
D
Cell Development Terms


-plasia means formation
 dysplasia
 aplasia
 hypoplasia
 hyperplasia
 anaplasia
-trophy means nutrition
 hypertrophy
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8
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia
9
From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum,
5, Philadelphia,
2006,ofSaunders-Elsevier.
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an imprint
Elsevier
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Anatomic Position
10
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Directional Word Parts and Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
anter/o
poster/o
ventr/o
dors/o
medi/o
later/o
transsuper/o
infer/o
proxim/o
dist/o
cephal/o
caud/o
toward the front; ventral
toward the back, dorsal
belly side
back side
middle
toward the side
across
uppermost
lowermost
nearer the origin
far or distant (so does tel/e)
toward the head
toward the tail
11
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Directional Word Parts and Terms (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
anter/o + medi/o + -an = anteromedian
poster/o + medi/o = posteromedian
dors/o + later/o = dorsolateral
poster/o + later/o = posterolateral
anter/o + later/o = anterolateral
medi/o + later/o = mediolateral
infer/o + medi/o = inferomedian
telecardiogram = tel/e + cardi/o + -gram
12
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Quick Quiz!
What term means the abnormal
development of tissues or organs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
aplasia
anaplasia
dysplasia
hypoplasia
13
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Directional Terms
From Ballinger PW, Frank ED: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic procedures, vol 1, ed 10,
St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
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14
Supine vs. Prone
Supination vs. Pronation
15
D from Harkreader H, Hogan MA, Thobaben M: Fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgement, ed 3,
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Philadelphia,
2008,
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16
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Body Regions
•
•
•
•
head
neck
torso
extremities
17
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Combining Forms: Body Regions
and Structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
abdomin/o
acr/o
blephar/o
cephal/o
chir/o
cyst/o
dactyl/o
lapar/o
abdomen
extremities
eyelid
head
hands
cyst, bladder, or sac
digits
abdominal wall
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Combining Forms: Body Regions
and Structures (cont’d)







omphal/o
onych/o
pelv/i
periton/o
pod/o
som/a, somat/o
thorac/o
umbilicus
nail
pelvis
peritoneum
feet
body
chest (thorax)
19
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Palmar vs. Plantar
A
B
20
A from Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA: Mosby’s guide to physical examination, ed 7, St Louis, 2011, Mosby.
B from Sean Gladwell/Shutterstock
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Abdominal Quadrants
21
From Wilson SF, Giddens JF: Health assessment for nursing practice, ed 4, St Louis, 2009, Mosby.
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Abdominal Paracentesis
22
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Ascites
23
From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and
management of clinical problems, ed 8, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby.
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Abdominal Hernias
24
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Body Fluids



intracellular
extracellular
edema
25
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Body’s Fluid
Compartments
26
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Word Parts: Body Fluids












crin/o, -crine
dacry/o, lacrim/o
-emia
hidr/o
hydr/o
secrete
tear, tearing or crying
condition of the blood
sweat or perspiration
water
lymph/o
muc/o
-poiesis
-poietin
py/o
sial/o
ur/o
lymph
mucus
production
substance that causes production
pus
saliva (or salivary glands)
urine (or urinary tract)
27
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Word Parts: Body Fluids
(cont’d)









coagul/o
cyt/o
erythr/o
hem/o, hemat/o
leuk/o
thromb/o
-cyte
-osis
-penia
coagulation
cell
red
blood
white
clot
cell
increased or abnormal when cellular components
deficiency
28
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Abscess
29
From
Dorland’s
dictionary,
ed 32, Saunders, 2012, Philadelphia.
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2007,
2003 byillustrated
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an imprint
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Hydrocephalus
30
From Hart CA, Broadhead RL: Colour atlas of pediatric infectious diseases, London, 1992, Mosby-Wolfe.
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Hematoma
31
From Damjanov I, Linder J: Pathology: A color atlas, 2000, St. Louis, Mosby
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Quick Quiz!
What does sial/o mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
sodium
saliva or salivary gland
sweat
cell
32
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Glands




salivary
thyroid
adrenal
sudoriferous
33
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Blood Composition
From Applegate E: The anatomy & physiology learning system, ed. 4, Philadelphia, 2011, Saunders.
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34
Blood Coagulation
35
Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc, 1994.
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Agglutination
From Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, and Roitt I: Immunology, ed 7, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. .
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36
Stained Blood Sample
From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color textbook of histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.
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37
Blood Terminology







erythrocytosis
erythrocytopenia, erythropenia
leukocytosis
leukocytopenia, leukopenia
leukemia
thrombocytosis
thrombopenia
38
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Blood Defenses and
Immunity




immunity
resistance
susceptibility
inflammation
39
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Blood Defenses and Immunity
• Nonspecific:
• phagocytosis
• interferon
• complement
• Specific:
• antigen
• antibody
40
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Blood Defenses and Immunity





immunization
vaccination
immunocompromised, immunosuppressive,
immunosuppressant
hypersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis
AIDS
41
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Specific Immunity
From Applegate E: The anatomy and physiology learning system, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.
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42
Additional Terminology




benign
malignant
metastasis, metastasize
bioterrorism
43
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Metastasis of Cancer
44
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Quick Quiz!
The two kinds of body defenses are
A.
B.
C.
D.
nonspecific and specific resistance
cell-mediated and antibody-mediated
erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis
vaccination and antibiotic
45
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Bacteria in Body Fluids
B from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA: Medical microbiology, ed 3, St Louis, 1994, Mosby; D from
Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS: Bailey & Scott’s diagnostic microbiology, ed 12, St Louis, 2007, Mosby. F from Atlas
RM: Principles of microbiology, St Louis, 1995, Mosby.
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46
Acronyms and Abbreviations







AIDS
CA
CBC, cbc
CDC
CSF
FEMA
HIV







LLQ
LUQ
RBC
RLQ
RUQ
WBC
WMD
47
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