Multinational Planning
Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Tempest Express - 5
Humanitarian Assistance
Disaster Relief Operations
(HA / DR)
Chapter B-7 / Annex C
MNF SOP
Agenda
• HA / DR Focus
• HA / DR Context and Operational Focus
• 10 Broad CTF Planning Factors - HA / DR
• CTF Headquarters and Command Relationships
for HA / DR
• Types of Military HA / DR Missions
• Unity of Effort and Key HA / DR Organizations
• Summary
HA / DR
• Primary Focus: Conducted to alleviate
human suffering
• Prime responsibility usually rests with
specialized agencies:
–
–
–
–
–
Civil
National
International
Government
Non-Government
• Military forces are always "in support"
HA / DR Operational Context
• Unilateral: Nation provides HA / DR without
direct involvement by countries other than the
affected country
– Immediate response essential
– Can transition to multinational response
• Multinational: Involves military forces and
civilian agencies from more than one nation. Can
be initiated and controlled by the United Nations,
regional organization within an alliance, or a
Lead Nation of a coalition effort.
• MNF SOP Focus: Lead Nation for a coalition
effort (coalition of the willing - multinational
operation)
HA / DR Operational Environment
• Permissive:
– Host, or affected country military and law enforcement
agencies have control and the intent and capability to
assist HA operations.
• Uncertain:
– Host government forces, whether opposed to or receptive
to operations that the CTF intends to conduct, do not have
totally effective control of the territory and population within
the intended area of operations.
• Hostile:
– Hostile forces have control and the intent and capability to
effectively oppose or react to operations the CTF intends
to conduct. The CTF must be prepared to engage a full
range of force protection measures.
10 Broad CTF Planning Factors
HA / DR
CTF Planning Factors
#1: Five Basic Military HA / DR Missions
– Security
– Relief
– Dislocated Civilian Support
– Technical Assistance
– Consequence Management Support
• Response to: Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
Nuclear, and High yield explosives (CBRNE) incident
(Mission details will be covered in later slides)
CTF Planning Factors
#2: Specialized Civilian Agencies should be the lead
for HA / DR - CRITICAL
– Military functions should be short-term and impactdriven
– Do not create long term military dependency
– CTF command should not be in charge of long term
development programs
– The affected / host nation civil agencies and private
corporations are more appropriate for long term actions
once stability and security is established
CTF Planning Factors
#3: Military involvement with HA / DR varies
with each country
– In some countries, military has primary
responsibility and virtually ALL of the resources to
execute HA/DR missions
– In other countries, military is supporting only and
may only get involved in life-threatening situations
CTF Planning Factors
#4: Key knowledge areas for CTF leaders and
planners:
– What are the "links and coordinating mechanisms"
between the military forces of the affected / host
nation and the various relief agencies ?
– How does the country's military transition the HA /
DR mission back to the government and relief
agencies ?
CTF Planning Factors
#5: CTF operations and cultural, social,
economic and political aspects of the affected
country
– There may be vast differences in culture and
sophistication of civic organizations between CTF
forces and the affected / host nation
– Population "views" on the nature and cause of the
disaster may differ from ours
– If not properly acknowledged, addressed, and
taken into account these differences can work
against CTF mission accomplishment
CTF Planning Factors
#6: Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) is the
CTF’s focal point to coordinate, interface and deconflict CTF forces operations and relief agencies
operations
– HA / DR requires close and continuous coordination
and cooperation with non-CTF organizations
– CMOC works closely with the Non-Governmental
(NGO) and International Organizations (IO) and the
affected countries governmental agencies (military,
police, relief organizations, etc.)
– CMOC achieve unity of effort with NGO, IO, and
affected nation's agencies
CTF Planning Factors
#7: HA / DR may be part of a much larger CTF.
Mission - end states / transition plans must be
integrated.
– Normally, current day Peace Operations (PO) missions
(Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement) almost always
involve some form of HA / DR)
– Simultaneous execution of PO and HA / DR missions is
called a Complex Contingency / Emergency
– HA / DR end states and transition plans must be
thoroughly integrated with larger CTF mission
• Must also support the affected country and civil relief
agencies objectives
CTF Planning Factors
#8: The "Type of Disaster" and its affect will shape
the CTF's structure and response requirements.
A clear and focused "estimate of the situation" is
required early on (determine the disaster's nature
and All factors of the disaster)
– Examples:
• Volcanic eruptions can quickly isolate communities and can hamper
air operations.
• Typhoons / floods can cause the spread of communicable diseases
• Large scale, deliberately caused man-made disaster will most likely
require Consequence Management mission response
• HA / DR with PO missions will most likely require some form of
combat security operations and well developed Rules of Engagement
(ROE) will be required
– Bottom Line: CTF planners must identify all factors affecting the
disaster
CTF Planning Factors
#9: Third Country Relationships
– Some small countries (in particular island nations within
the South Pacific) have paramilitary forces or no
military forces at all
• Will have treaties in place or other formal
agreements with other nations
• The details of such treaties and agreements and the
responsibilities of other nations are key for CTF
planners
CTF Planning Factors
#10: Critical CTF Planning Documents. As outlined in the
Peace Operations Annex, the below documents are key for
CTF planners (provides the mission guidance / background
on the HA / DR mission).
#1: United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR). If UN
sponsored or authorized.
#2: Peace Agreement
#3: Mandate (contained within one of the UNSCR for the mission)
#4: Status of Forces / Mission Agreement (SOFA / SOMA)
#5: Terms of Reference (TOR) for the specific HA / DR mission
#6: Rules of Engagement (ROE) for the operations and Contingency
ROE for sequels / branches to CTF mission
#7: Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) for the specific HA /
DR mission
#8: Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) and Command
Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP).
HA / DR Operational Environment
& CTF Focus
CTF Planning Factors
CTF Headquarters Organization
HA / DR
&
Command Relationships
CTF Headquarters Organization - HA / DR
Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area
Commander
Coalition / Combined
Task Force
(CCTF)
Classification:
Secret – MNF REL
DCCTF
Personal Staff
Coalition
Coordination
Center
(CCC)
Special
Access
Ops
(SOF)
C1
PERS
C2
C3
INTEL
OPNS
Classification:
Case by Case
COS
C4
C5
C6
LOG
C7
PLANS
COMMS
CIV-MIL
CTF PLANNING PROCESS
(C5 PLANS, C3 FOPS, and C3 COPS)
Civil-Military
Operations
Center
(CMOC)
Key
Organization
Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center
(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL
Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs
(Coalition / Combined Media Pools)
Legend: MNF REL: Multinational Force Releasable
Liaison & Coordination
HA / DR Operations
Command / Control / Coordination
(Strategic and Operational Levels)
Options:
1. Multinational Lead Nation (Coalition, Non–UN
Operation)
2. Multinational Lead Nation – Modified (Coalition, NonUN Operation)
3. Regional Organization Led (Combined, Non-UN
Operation)
4. UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Coalition, Lead Nation
Led or Combined, Regional Organization Led
5. UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led
(refer to the PO Briefing or PO Chapter B-7, Annex B for details)
CTF Planning Factors
Types of Military
HA / DR Missions
Five Basic Military HA / DR Missions
• Security
• Relief
• Dislocated Civilian Support
• Technical Assistance
• Consequence Management Support
– Response to: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear,
and High yield explosives (CBRNE) incident
Common HA / DR Characteristics
• Emergency / Short Term Tasks
• Requirement for close military coordination and
cooperation with with NGO / IO / Affected nation
governmental agencies (CTF CMOC importance)
• Primacy (lead) of NGO / IO relief organizations in
the disaster area
• Termination of military support and Transition of
tasks to appropriate authorities / relief agencies
as soon as possible (well thought out end states
for military and well developed / coordinated
transition plans)
Security Mission
• Establish secure conditions for the world relief community
to provide HA / DR
– Delivery of humanitarian relief supplies and relief support often
depends on having serviceable and secure transportation /
communication network
• Normally will be unstable in a disaster / crisis
• Need for early-on military force assistance is very likely
– CTF Potential Tasks:
• Security for storage areas
• Security and Armed Escorts for convoys and personnel
• Protection of dislocated civilian camps
• Maintenance of dislocated civilian camp operation in support
of UN, NGO / IO and governmental agencies
• Other security requirements as the situation requires
– End State: Conditions within the country return to a level where
the affected nation can provide essential security requirements
for HA/DR
Relief Mission
• Prompt aid that can be used to a alleviate the suffering of
disaster victims
– Traditional distribution of relief aid is domain of UN, NGO, IO, and
governmental agencies (expertise / charter / experience)
– Relief community can become overwhelmed or distribution early
on may require extensive security requirements in high threat
areas (uncertain / hostile)
– CTF Potential Tasks:
• Immediate response to prevent loss of life and destruction of
property
• Construction of basic sanitation facilities and distribution of
food and medical care
• Assist or facilitate in dissemination of relief information
• Support cooperation and coordination of relief agency actions
– End State: Conditions return to level where traditional relief
agencies can distribute aid without military support
Dislocated Civilian Support
• Military support of dislocated civilians (refugees, displaced
persons, migrants, stateless persons, evacuees, internally
displaced persons, and evacuees -- see following slides for
definitions).
– CTF Potential Tasks:
• Camp organization, basic construction, and administration;
provision of food, supplies, medical attention; basic security
concerns; and placement (movement or relocation to other
countries, camps, and locations).
• The first priority for the management of dislocated civilians
should be to use the services and facilities of civilian agencies
when coordination can be effected. This allows the CTF to
concentrate its resources on other HA/DR support efforts.
• Dislocated civilian operations are often long-term and require
enormous resources.
• The UN, NGO, IO and governmental agencies (with potential
support from private corporations are better suited for long-term
support of this mission
– End State: Conditions reestablished whereby military support is no
longer required for dislocated civilian support. Primary or secondary
support missions transferred to UN, NGO, IO and/or governmental
agencies.
Dislocated Civilian Support
Definitions: Categories of dislocated civilians are key for
international legal implications.
– Refugees: Persons who are outside the country of their nationality
due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or
political opinion and are unable or unwilling to avail him / her of the
protection of that country, owning to such fear.
– Displaced Persons: Civilian who are involuntarily outside the
national boundaries of their country. This may be due to natural or
man-made disasters or other reasons not associated with
persecution. It is important to understand the difference between
refugees and displaced persons because of the associated legal
ramifications.
– Migrant: Persons who voluntarily leave their country and leave their
homes temporarily or permanently for reasons other than those for
refugees for taking up residence elsewhere. Migrants who leave
exclusively for economic considerations are economic migrants.
(continued)
Dislocated Civilian Support
Definitions Continued:
– Stateless Persons: Civilian who either have been denationalized,
whose country of origin cannot be determined, or who cannot
establish their right to the nationality claimed.
– Evacuees: Civilians who are removed from their places of residence
by civil of military direction for reasons or personal security of the
requirements of the military situation.
– Internally Displaced Persons: Civilians who flee their homes as a
result of or to avoid the affects of armed conflicts, situations of
generalized violence, violations of human rights or man-made
disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized
State border.
– Expelle: Civilian outside the boundaries of the country of his or her
nationality or ethnic origin who is being forcibly repatriated to that
country or to a third country for political of other purposes.
Technical Assistance Mission
• Provide short-term technical assistance in areas
including, but not limited to communications restoration,
relief supply management, medical care, and provision of
emergency transportation for persons of risk, high priority
relief supply delivery, establishment and training of
Search, Rescue, and Recovery Teams, and de-mining.
– CTF policies regarding technical advice and assistance to the
affected nations and relief organizations must be established
early on
– Policies must establish what may be provided and the source of
authority for the assistance
– CTF Potential Tasks:
• Advice, selected training, assessments, focused manpower,
and equipment
• Infrastructure support for limited emergency requirements
– End State: Conditions return to a level where technical
assistance is no longer required and the affected nation with
support from relief organizations can maintain basis
infrastructure requirements
Consequence Management (CM) Mission
• CM operations eliminate the negative impact of:
– Intentional or inadvertent release of weapons of mass destruction
(chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear materials or high yield
explosives (CBRNEs))
– Epidemics (infectious disease, biological) and natural disasters
– CTF Potential Tasks:
• CM operations involve those essential services and activities
required to manage, mitigate, or reduce problems resulting
from catastrophic events.
• Such services may include reestablishment of emergency
infrastructures of security, transportation, communications,
public works, fire fighting, information planning, care of mass
casualties, resources support, essential or routine health and
medical services, urban search and rescue, distribution of
food, and energy-related services.
• Special mission requirements may be required for disposal of
hazardous materials, distribution of food, and energy-related
services.
– End State: Conditions return to normalcy whereby the local
governmental agencies with support from relief agencies can
provide the essential services and activities required for operation
of the national and local infrastructures.
CTF Planning Factors
Unity of Effort
&
Key Organizations for
Addressing HA / DR Missions
Unity of Effort
• Complex Emergencies (combination of HA / DR and PO
missions occurring within the same crisis situation)
requires the actions of military, diplomatic, local and
international humanitarian relief agencies (UN / NGO /
IO), and the affected nation's governmental agencies.
– This places an priority for "Unity of Effort" for all of these forces
and agencies to address the mission requirements for HA / DR
– Cooperation, coordination, and teamwork MUST be established
early on for efficient and effective relief operations. And this
cooperation must be nurtured, maintained, and improved over the
life span of the relief mission
• Two key organizations in this regard are:
– Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC) - Strategic / National
level
– Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) - CTF Headquarters
level (operational level)
HOC (National Level)
• Overall Coordinator: Coordinates the overall relief strategy, identifies logistic
requirements for UN, NGO, IO, and other governmental support agencies in
support of HA / DR relief operations
• Strategic / National Level: Normally established under the direction of the
affected nation's government (with technical support / advice as required).
– Can be established by the UN for UN sponsored operations
– Can be established by the Lead Nation for Coalitions of the Willing (Lead
Nation / Coalition Based Operations)
– Can be a combination of the above with the affected nation's government
• Not a Command: Normally will have NO command and control authority; rather,
will be a coordination / cooperative consensus organization with senior leadership
• Requires Senior Leaders / Legitimacy: Ideally, should be a Cabinet level
type structure with senior civilian / UN / NGO - IO officials with some form of military
representation. Example: Department /Ministry of Health, Defense, or Emergency
Management Office. Legitimacy in the eyes of the NGO / IO is essential
• HOC - CMOC Linkage: The CTF command must establish firm cooperation and
coordination processes with the HOC using the CMOC organization within the CTF
Headquarters organization
CMOC (CTF Level)
• Overall CTF Coordinator: Coordinates the overall CTF relief mission, with
the HOC and the UN, NGO, IO, and other governmental support agencies in
support of HA / DR relief operations
• Essential CTF Headquarters Organization: Must be an essential part
of the CTF Headquarters organization.
– Should be the responsibility of the C7 staff directorate and report directly to
the Chief of Staff within the CTF Headquarters
– Should be senior officer and have appropriate staffing resources for
executing the CMOC Coordination / cooperation tasks with the HOC
– CMOC organization should be tailored to the mission (template for
organization is in the MNF SOP, Chapter C-7)
• Seek out and Build Unity of Effort: The CMOC should not expect relief
agencies to come to the CMOC. It is very possible that many agencies
may have cross purposes with the CTF missions or even have antimilitary sentiments. The CMOC leaders and staff must "seek out and
build cooperation"
– Must establish firm cooperation and coordination processes with the HOC
– Must integrate the perspectives, missions, and requirements of the
HOC and UN / NGO / IO and governmental agencies into all CTF
mission planning
CTF Planning Factors
Summary
HA / DR Summary
•
Primary Focus: Conducted to alleviate human suffering
•
Prime responsibility rests with specialized agencies:
–
–
–
–
–
Civilian
National
International
Government
Non-Government
(UN, NGO, IO, and affected Governmental Agencies)
•
Military forces are always "in support", identification of civil-military tasks early
on is essential. CTF planning must integrate and support relief agencies
•
Five Basic Military HA / DR Missions
– Security
– Relief
– Dislocated Civilian Support
– Technical Assistance
– Consequence Management Support
• Response to: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High yield
explosives (CBRNE) incident
•
HOC and CMOC organizations are CRITICAL for efficient and effective HA /
DR mission accomplishment - cooperation and coordination must be built and
nurtured