Leadership Styles
Governments around the world
Totalitarianism
absolute control by a political party - often communist,
socialist or fascist ideology
all economic activity is controlled by the party
Totalitarian governments are often led by a dictator who
has complete power. These countries are often also
aggressive and racist.
Totalitarianism
Totalitarian governments are effective:
when a goal must be accomplished in a set time period
when all citizens agree to policies/goals set by the
leader(s)
if the leader abides by the same rules as the citizens
Totalitarianism
Totalitarian governments are not effective:
if citizens do not agree to the rules/policies set by the
leader
if the leader does not follow the same rules as the
citizens
if there is no time limit for a goal
Totalitarianism
U.S.S.R. 1922 - Joseph
Stalin
Totalitarianism
Italy 1922 - Benito Mussolini
Totalitarianism
Germany 1933 - Adolf Hitler
Totalitarianism
Spain 1936 - Francisco
Franco
Totalitarianism
North Korea 1948 - Kim Ilsung
Totalitarianism
China 1949 - Mao Zedong
Totalitarianism
Cuba 1959 - Fidel Castro
Autocracy
leader has absolute power, and tells others what to do
limited discussion on ideas
leader can be elected into power
decisions may be made by a monarch (hereditary
leadership) or a dictator (non-hereditary leadership)
only an absolute monarchy has total control.
constitutional monarchies (Great Britain, Canada) do
not, and are not considered autocratic
Autocracy
Can a Totalitarian Government have an autocratic
leader?
Yes, they can and most often do. Totalitarianism is the
presence of total government control, whereas an
autocracy indicates the presence of a dictator or a
monarch
Autocracy
Autocracies are effective:
when time is limited in decision making
individuals/groups lack skill and knowledge
citizens do not get along or are unable to co-operate
citizens and government staff do not respond to
leadership styles
Autocracy
Autocracies are not effective:
when developing a strong sense of teamwork is a goal
citizens have some degree of skill or knowledge
when citizens want their opinion to be heard
Autocratic Leaders
King Louis XIV of France
reigned for 72 years
Autocratic Leaders
Joseph Stalin - U.S.S.R.
30 years in power
Autocratic Leaders
Adolf Hitler - Germany
12 years in power
Autocratic Leaders
Muammar Gaddafi Libya 32 years in power
Autocratic Leaders
Bashar al-Assad - Syria
in power since 2000
Oligarchy
an oligarchy is similar to an autocratic government except
that power rests in a small group rather than one person
Democracy
decisions are made by the majority
power rests in the body of citizens, and the head of
government is not a monarch
some democratic countries have a monarch, but still elect
a government to make decisions. The monarch has little
power. This situation is called a constitutional
monarchy.
Democracy
Democratic governments are effective:
when there is a high degree of skill and/or motivation
among citizens
a sense of teamwork exists
routines are familiar to citizens
Democracy
Democratic governments are not effective:
when there is a low degree of skill or knowledge among
citizens
when a low sense of teamwork/interdependence exists
citizens expect to be told what to do
Democracy
Canada
Democracy
United States of America
Democracy
Japan
Democracy
India
Democracy
England
Laissez-Faire
no group leader or system of government
a state of social disorder due to lack of government
laissez-faire is also known as anarchy
Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is effective:
when time is available
group is motivated and/or a sense of team exists
members of the group have some degree of skill or
knowledge
Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is not effective:
high degree of conflict is present
group is unmotivated
members of the group have little skill or knowledge
Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is not effective:
high degree of conflict is present
group is unmotivated
members of the group have little skill or knowledge
Laissez-Faire
Somalia
Theocracy
leadership by religion
Theocracy
Theocracy is effective:
when all citizens possess the same understanding of the
religion
when values/morals/ethics are the same for all citizens
Theocracy
Theocracy is not effective:
when religious rules are interpreted differently among
citizens
when values/morals/ethics are different among citizens
Theocracy
Vatican City - Pope Benedict XVI
Theocracy
Iran - Sayyed Ali Khamenei
Aristocracy
decisions made by those considered to be superior
through wealth or education
people in charge considered “naturally better” or “high
born”
Aristocracy
Aristocracy is effective:
when the aristocracy is interested in the welfare wellbeing of the citizens
Aristocracy is not effective:
when the aristocracy becomes self-interested and greedy
French Estates System
First Estate (Clergy)
Second Estate
(Nobility)
Third Estate
(Everyone
else)
Bishops - 139
Monks - 25 000
Nuns - 40 000
Lower Clergy - 50 000
350 000
24 500 000