NEBOSH International General Certificate
Resource Pack
Ian Harries CMIOSH
© 2013 Ian Harries. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reprinted
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NEBOSH International General Certificate
in Occupational Safety and Health
IGC1.1
Foundations in
Health & Safety
Chapter 1
Unit contents
 Learning outcomes
 The scope and nature of occupational health and safety
 Moral, social and economic reasons for managing health
and safety in the workplace
 The role of national governments and international
bodies in the regulation of health and safety
Learning outcomes
 Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and
safety.
 Explain briefly the moral, social and economic reasons for
maintaining and promoting good standards of health and
safety in the workplace.
 Outline the role of national governments and international
bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of
health and safety.
The scope and nature
of occupational health
and safety
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
The effective management of health and safety is important
to all organizations, irrespective of their size, work activities,
industry sector, etc.
Health and safety issues will differ from country to country.
This unit aims to introduce you to the foundations
necessary for any organization to effectively manage
occupational health and safety.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
The International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health
Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) estimates
that annually there are:
 270 million occupational accidents, and
 160 millions cases of occupational disease reported
throughout the world.
It is also estimated that over 2 million workers die each
year as the result of accidents or contracting an
occupational illness.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Estimated numbers of global work-related adverse
events (ILO)
Event
Daily average
Annually
5,000
2,000,000
60
22,000
Work-related accidents
740,000
270,000,000
Work-related diseases
438,000
160,000,000
1,205
440,000
274
100,000
Work-related deaths
Work-related deaths of children
Hazardous substance deaths
Asbestos-related deaths
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Corporate responsibility is now a widely accepted term used
throughout the world, as it covers:
 the effects an organization’s activities have on the
environment
 human rights
 third world poverty.
Therefore corporate responsibility includes the health and
safety of employees and others who could be affected by
the organization’s activities.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
In the UK the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) has the
responsibility for enforcing health and safety legislation and
is working with UK organizations to:
 Improve health and safety management systems to
reduce workplace injuries and ill-health
 Demonstrate the importance of health and safety issues
at all levels of an organization, especially management
and board levels
 Report publicly on health and safety issues within their
organization, including their performance in relation to
accidents, workplace ill health, etc.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
What types of barriers may be present within an
organization in relation to accepting health and
safety?
Any personal experiences?
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
There are many obstacles – both internal and external – to
achieving good health and safety standards:




Production targets and pressures
Performance targets and pressures
Financial pressures and constraints
The organization itself in terms of structure, scope of
operation, etc.
 Acceptance throughout the organization of the reasons
for managing health and safety effectively.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
The following are common issues
management of health and safety:
Group
discussion
relating
to
the
 Arrangements and procedures may not be apparent to
employees
 Audits are only concerned with a review of paper systems,
not how risks are actually managed in the workplace
 Excessive and complicated documents make acceptance by
managers, supervisors and employees difficult to enforce
 Other business priorities are given more emphasis
 Supervisors not understanding or implementing safety
procedures, which leads to non-acceptance by employees.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Often within an organization or workplace, health and
safety management will encompass:




Risk assessment
Setting targets and objectives and monitoring
Promotion of a safe and healthy working environment
Identifying and understanding the impact on the health
of employees.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
 Organizations are able to demonstrate legal compliance
to enforcement agencies, who in turn have more
confidence in their ability to safeguard the health and
safety of employees and others than organizations who
do not effectively manage health and safety issues.
 Health and safety is given equal priority to other business
objectives – financial, quality, production, etc.
 Allow for significant risks to be identified, evaluated and
controlled in a systematic manner.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
 Allow the organization to demonstrate compliance with
legal terms such as ‘practicable’ and ‘so far as is
reasonably practicable’.
 Demonstrate they can respond and manage the impact
of emergencies effectively.
 Illustrate a commitment to the health and safety of
employees, and others.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
In the UK the HSE believes that effective management of
health and safety:
 Is essential for employee well-being
 Has a major role in enhancing an organization’s
reputation
 Is financially beneficial to the organization by reducing
costs relating to accidents, down-time, investigations,
claims for compensation, etc.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Health
Protecting the bodies and minds of people from illnesses
arising from exposure to materials, processes or
procedures used in the workplace.
Safety
Protecting individuals from physical injury.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Hazard
The potential for a substance, person, activity or process to
cause harm.
Risk
The likelihood of a substance, person, activity or process
to cause harm including the severity of harm.
A risk can be reduced and a hazard eliminated or
controlled through effective management of risk.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Welfare
Provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being
of individuals present in the workplace, such as washing
and sanitation facilities, provision of drinking water, heating,
lighting, etc. including first aid facilities.
Accident
An unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of
people, damage or loss of property, plant, materials or the
environment or a loss of a business opportunity.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Near miss
Any incident which could have resulted in an accident. Near
miss statistics in the UK has shown that for every 10 near
miss events 1 minor accident occurs.
Dangerous occurrences
An incident which could have led to a serious injury, loss of
life or property damage, e.g. release of flammable gas,
collapse of scaffold structure, crane or passenger carrying
equipment.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
Workplace ill health
Any condition which an employee develops which is linked
to exposure to hazardous substances, noise, vibration,
biological agents, etc. Can also include stress.
Scope and nature
Introduction to managing
health & safety
Benefits of managing
health & safety
Key definitions
Group
discussion
1 What are the definitions of the following terms and
common workplace examples of each:
a Hazard
b Risk?
Moral, social and
economic reasons
for managing health
and safety
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The ILO estimates that work-related deaths and illnesses
represent 3.9 percent of all deaths, together with 15
percent of the world’s population suffering a workplace
injury or developing an occupational illness each year.
Up to 30 percent of the world’s unemployed report they are
suffering from an injury or workplace disease relating to
their previous employment.
Fatal workplace accidents in Asia and Latin America are
increasing.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Labour force
Estimated fatalities
(annually)
Estimated lost time
accidents (annually)
Australia
9,796,300
236
180,486
Brazil
83,000,000
11,304
11,366,000
Canada
16,200,000
899
789,000
China
737,000,000
73,595
68,692,000
EU
224,050,000
11,369
4,340,000
Egypt
19,200,000
3,884
2,245,000
India
443,000,000
48,176
30,627,000
South Korea
22,100,000
3,148
1,542,000
Saudi Arabia
5,800,000
1,096
632,000
United Kingdom
27,200,000
225
180,000
USA
141,800,000
6,821
5,069,000
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Region
% share of
fatal injuries
Fatal accidents per
100,000 workers
Established market economies
5
4.5
Former socialist economies
5
13.0
India
11
11.0
China
26
10.0
Other Asia and Islands
22
20.5
Sub-Saharan Africa
15
21.0
Latin-America and Caribbean
11
15.0
Middle Eastern Crescent
5
17.0
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Region
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Economical active Fatal occupational
population
accidents
Established market economies
419,732,002
15,879
Former socialist economies
183,089,714
17,416
India
443,860,000
40,133
China
740,703,000
90,295
Other Asia and Islands
415,527,598
76,886
Sub-Saharan Africa
279,680,390
53,292
Latin-America and Caribbean
219,083,179
36,372
Middle Eastern Crescent
135,220,721
17,977
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Work-related diseases cause the majority of deaths
amongst the world’s working population:
 Of the 2.2 million work related deaths each year, 1.7
million are the result of disease
 The ILO estimates there to be 160 million cases of
work-related disease each year
 Hazardous substances kill about 438,000 workers
annually, with asbestos-related illness claiming about
100,000 lives.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Labour
force
Work-related
disease fatalities
Australia
9,796,300
6,634
Brazil
83,000,000
44,375
Canada
16,200,000
10,962
China
737,000,000
414,024
EU
224,050,000
50,279
Egypt
19,200,000
26,175
India
443,000,000
325,350
South Korea
22,100,000
11,665
Saudi Arabia
5,800,000
8,660
United Kingdom
27,200,000
20,552
USA
141,800,000
98,210
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Region
Economical active
population
Fatal work-related
disease
Established market economies
419,732,002
281,364
Former socialist economies
183,089,714
148,194
India
443,860,000
261,891
China
740,703,000
386,645
Other Asia and Islands
415,527,598
178,786
Sub-Saharan Africa
279,680,390
211,262
Latin-America and Caribbean
219,083,179
108,195
Middle Eastern Crescent
135,220,721
120,725
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
A common feature of most countries’ legal systems is the
concept of the duty of care each employer owes to their
employees, as well as other persons who may be affected
by their activities.
This duty cannot be passed onto another person, such as a
manager or a consultant employed to provide advice and
support to the employer, or if an employee is subcontracted to work for another employer.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Commonly this duty is divided into five specific areas:
1
Provision of a safe place of work, including access and
egress
2
Provision of safe plant and equipment
3
Provision of safe systems of work
4
Employing safe and competent employees
5
Provision of adequate levels of supervision, information,
instruction and training.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Health and safety requirements will normally be reinforced
by national civil and/or criminal law.
This provides an incentive to manage health and safety
effectively as the outcome of failing to safeguard
employees’, or others’, health and safety may lead to:
 Enforcement action
 Prosecution
 Fines and/or imprisonment – criminal law
 Compensation claims – civil law.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
A study of UK accidents and ill health by the HSE identified
that indirect costs (or hidden costs) could be as much as 36
times higher than direct costs.
In 2000 the European Union estimated that occupational
accidents cost member states 55 billion Euros each year.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The Business Case for Health and Safety
£1
£8 - 36
Accidents and work-related ill-health
both require investigating to identify
the direct and indirect costs
involved.
A UK HSE study identified that
indirect costs for an accident could
be as much as 36 times greater
than the known direct costs
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The Business Case for Health and Safety
DIRECT COSTS
Insured direct costs will include:




Insurance claims
Damage to buildings, equipment or vehicles
Attributable production and/or general business loss
Absence of employees.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The Business Case for Health and Safety
DIRECT COSTS
Uninsured direct costs will include:
 Fines arising from prosecutions
 Sick pay
 Damage to product, equipment or vehicles which is not
attributable to the accident
 Increased insurance premiums
 Compensation not covered by the insurance policy due to
agreed excesses
 Legal representation.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The Business Case for Health and Safety
INDIRECT COSTS
Insured direct costs will include:
• Cumulative business loss
• Product or process liability claims
• Recruitment of replacement staff.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
The Business Case for Health and Safety
INDIRECT COSTS
Uninsured direct costs:
 Loss of goodwill and poor corporate image including poor
staff morale
 Accident investigation time together with any remedial action
required
 Production delays
 Extra overtime payments
 Lost time for other employees – e.g. first aider
 Recruitment and training of replacement staff
 Additional administration time.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Employers’ liability insurance
Many countries’ legal systems require employers to have
employers’ liability insurance – the purpose of the insurance
is to cover their liability in the event of an employee
suffering a injury following an accident or contracting an
occupational disease.
Such cover ensures that should the employee make a
compensation claim they will receive their compensation
irrespective of their employer’s financial status.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Fault and no-fault injury compensation
In the UK compensation for injuries/occupational diseases
is awarded after a successful civil case brought by the
employee.
To achieve this the claimant has to prove the defendant was
at fault and was therefore negligent – this means the
system is adversarial and costly and is a major contribution
to spiraling insurance claims and costs of premiums.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Fault and no-fault injury compensation
In New Zealand, Canada, Scandinavian countries and
some US states, a no-fault compensation system is in
place.
In such systems compensation levels are agreed at a state
or national government level based on the type and severity
of the injury.
As opposed to the UK system, compensation is often in the
form of a structured continual award, and may be in the
form of a service as opposed to monetary compensation.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Fault and no-fault injury compensation
For any national non-faulty system to work five principles
must be in place:
1
2
3
4
5
Community responsibility
Comprehensive entitlement irrespective of income or
job status
Complete rehabilitation of the injured person
Real compensation for the injured person
Administrative efficiency of the compensation scheme.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Fault and no-fault injury compensation
Possible advantages:
 Accident claims are settled quicker than in fault
systems
 Accident reporting rates can improve
 Accidents are easier to investigate as blame is no
longer an issue
 More funds are available from insurance premiums for
the injured party and less is used in the judicial and
administrative processes.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
Fault and no-fault injury compensation
Possible disadvantages:
 May be an increase in unjustified claims
 Lack of direct accountability of managers and
employers
 Mental injury and trauma are often excluded from nofault schemes due to the difficulty in generically
measuring these conditions
 Can be difficult to define the many causes of accidents
and occupational diseases.
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
EFFECTIVE
HEALTH
& SAFETY
MANAGEMENT
MORAL
LEADERSHIP
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
Why manage effectively?
Moral
reasons
Social
reasons
Financial
reasons
Effective
management
Group
discussion
1 a What is the purpose of employer liability insurance?
b List six costs of an accident which might be uninsured.
2 a What are the possible consequences of an accident to:
i the injured worker
ii their employer?
b List the direct and indirect costs to the employer of
accidents at work.
c What actions may an enforcement agency take following
an accident at work?
Role of national
governments and
international bodies
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Role and function
A specialized agency of the United Nations which seeks to
promote social justice through establishing and
safeguarding internationally recognized human and labour
rights.
The ILO consists of over 175 member states, but can be a
source of guidance and influence on non-member states.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Role and function
The ILO formulates international labour standards and aims
to establish minimum rights, such as:





Freedom of association
The right to organize
Collective bargaining
Abolition of forced and child labour
Equality of opportunity and treatment.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Role and function
The main principles of the ILO are:
1
2
3
4
Labour is not a commodity
Freedom of expression and association are essential to
sustained progress
Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity
everywhere
The ‘war against want’ is required to be carried out by
each member state.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO occupational safety and health standards:
1
Guiding policies for action – the Occupational Safety
& Health Convention 1985 (No. 155) and its
accompanying Recommendation (No. 164) require
preventative measures and a coherent national policy
on occupational safety and health.
Also stresses employer’s responsibilities and the rights
and duties of employees.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO occupational safety and health standards:
2
Protection in given branches of economic activity –
The Safety and Health in Construction Convention 1988
(No. 167) and its accompanying Recommendation (No.
175) stipulates the basic principles and measures to
promote health and safety for workers in construction.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO occupational safety and health standards:
3
Protection against specific risk – the Asbestos
Convention (No. 162) and its accompanying
Recommendation (No. 172) gives managerial, technical
and medical measures to protect workers against
exposure to asbestos dust.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO occupational safety and health standards:
4
Measures of protection – Migrant Workers
(Supplementary Provision) Convention 1975 (No. 143)
aims to protect the safety and health of migrant
workers.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO Conventions are international treaties signed by
Member States, with each country obliged to comply with
the standards set out by the Convention.
Recommendations are non-binding and often deal with the
same issues as a Convention. They are adopted when the
subject, or aspects, are not considered suitable or
appropriate at the time for a Convention.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
ILO standards are the same for each member state – there
are no different standards for different regions of the world
or groups of countries.
Standards are modified and modernized as necessary – the
ILO’s governing body periodically reviews standards to
ensure they remain relevant and effective.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
In addition to Conventions and Recommendations the ILO
also publishes Codes of Practice, guidance and manuals.
These form a body of reference material of greater detail
than Conventions and Recommendations and suggest
practical solutions for the application of ILO standards by
member states.
ILO CoPs indicate ‘what should be done’.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Conventions and Recommendations
Examples of ILO Codes of Practice:




Safety and health in construction
Ambient factors in the workplace
Safety in the use of chemicals at work
Recording and notification of occupational accidents
and diseases
 Ergonomic checkpoints
 Work organization and ergonomics
 Occupational safety and health management systems.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Absolute
The highest duty which can be imposed and requires action
to be taken – regardless of cost – where the level of risk is
considered so high that injury is inevitable.
Example
• Provision of machinery guarding to
prevent access to the dangerous
parts of any work equipment
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Practicable
A more common duty imposed on employers for the
provision of safeguards which are technically possible and
feasible – again cost cannot be an argument for not
complying with a practical requirement under national
legislation.
Example
• The installation of local exhaust
ventilation
in
a
woodworking
workshop to prevent exposure to
wood dust generated during cutting,
sanding, etc.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Reasonably Practicable
The most common duty and requires employers to evaluate
the level of risk in balance with the time cost and
inconvenience of complying with a requirement of national
legislation.
Example
• The provision of adequate welfare
facilities – toilets, hot and cold
running water, facilities to prepare
and consume hot and cold
drink/food.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Reasonably practicable
Risk
Sacrifice
Risk
Sacrifice
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Employer’s duties and responsibilities
The ILO’s principle duties
Recommendation 164) are:
1
2
of
employers
(ILO
Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery,
equipment and work methods which are as safe and
without risk as is reasonably practicable
Give necessary instruction and training that takes into
account the functions and capabilities of different
workers
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Employer’s duties and responsibilities
3
4
5
Provide adequate supervision of work practices to
ensure that proper use is made of relevant occupational
health and safety measures
Institute suitable occupational health and safety
management arrangements appropriate to the working
environment, size of the organization and its activities
Provide, without cost to workers, adequate personal
protective clothing and equipment which are reasonably
necessary when workplace hazards cannot be
prevented or controlled.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ rights and responsibilities
In 1998 ILO Member States adopted the Declaration on
Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which
covers the following four areas:
1
2
3
4
Freedom of association
Forced labour
Discrimination
Child labour.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ rights
Consulted on risks
from workplace
hazards
Enquire and
receive information
from employers on
workplace hazards
Take adequate
precautions to protect
themselves and
others from workplace
hazards
Request to be
involved in the
assessment of
hazards and risks
Be involved in the
development of
health surveillance
and participate in
its implementation
Be informed in a
timely comprehensive
manner of any
workplace or
individual
examinations
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ rights
Raise concerns
about workplace
hazards and risks
Appeal to the
competent authority if
health & safety
measures are
inadequate
Remove themselves
from any hazardous
situations where they
have good reason to
Be transferred to
another work
location if they are
medically affected
by a workplace
hazard
Compensation if they
are unable to work due
to being medically
affected by a
workplace hazard
Adequate medical
treatment &
compensation for
occupational injuries
or diseases
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ rights
Not use any equipment, processes or substances which can
reasonably be expected to be hazardous without receiving
appropriate information
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ responsibilities
Under Convention 187 employees/workers have the
following responsibilities:
1
2
Take reasonable care of their own health and safety
and that of others who may be affected by their acts or
omissions at work
Comply with instructions given for their own health and
safety and that of others and with safety procedures
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Workers’ responsibilities
3
4
5
Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly
and not to render them inoperative
Report immediately to their supervisor any situation
which they have reason to believe could present a
hazard and which they cannot themselves correct
Report any accident or injury to health which arises in
the course of or in connection with their work.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
Legal framework
Legal frameworks will vary from country to country.
 EU Member States use the EU’s framework for health
and safety
 Pacific Rim countries tend to follow the USA framework
for health and safety
 Caribbean countries tend to follow the UK framework
for health and safety.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Legal framework
Acts
Regulations
(mandatory)
Codes of Practice
(standards to be achieved – such
as UK Approved Codes of Practice)
National and International Standards
Industry Standards and Guidance Notes
Group
discussion
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
HSG 65 is published in the UK by the Health & Safety
Executive (HSE) as a guide to successful health and safety
management.
The guide is more concerned with continual improvement
than the attainment of minimum health and safety
standards.
This framework is used by HSE Inspectors when auditing
the health and safety management arrangements of
employers.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
OHSAS 18001 is an internationally recognized accredited
standard for occupational health and safety management.
The standard is similar in structure to ILO-OSH 2001, with
the main exception that it is only awarded to organizations
following a successful audit by an awarding institution.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
ILO-OSH 2001 is a guideline offering a recommended
occupational health and safety management framework.
There are main common elements with the UK’s HSG 65
and OHSAS 18001; the framework is not legally binding on
ILO member states and does not seek to replace national
laws, regulations or standards.
To be successful the ILO recognizes that there must be a
national policy on health and safety and occupational health
and safety management systems in place.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information Group
sources
discussion
Internal sources
 Accident and ill-health records and investigation reports
 Absenteeism records
 Inspection and audit reports undertaken by the
organization, enforcement body or other competent
third party
 Maintenance records, risk assessments and training
records
 Internal guidance documents to employees
 Equipment testing, inspection and examination reports.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information Group
sources
discussion
External sources
 National health and safety legislation
 National enforcement body codes of practice, guidance
notes
 International standards (ISO)
 ILO conventions, recommendations or codes of practice
 European and British Standards
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
 European Agency for Safety and Health
 Worksafe (Western Australia).
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information Group
sources
discussion
External sources
 Health and safety magazines and journals
 Information published by trade associations, employer
organizations
 Specialist legal and technical journals
 Information from manufacturers and suppliers
 The internet.
Role of national & international bodies
The International
Labour Organization
Levels of duties &
responsibilities
Enforcement
Information
sources
Group
discussion
1
Why should an organization maintain good standards of
health and safety management?
2
a
b
Give four reasons why an organization should
maintain and promote good standards of health and
safety in the workplace.
What sources of information can be used by an
organization to help maintain and promote good
standards of health and safety in the workplace?