Nuclear Safety & Security
Culture in Pakistan
Mr. Mohammad Anwar Habib
Chairman
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority
Scheme of Presentation
• PNRA (Introduction)
• Regulatory Framework
• Core Functions
• Legal Framework
• Safety and Security Culture
• Present Activities
• Challenges
• Conclusion
2
PNRA
• Our Vision:
To become a world class regulatory body with highly trained,
competent and dedicated personnel with a zeal to foster a
positive safety culture in their licensees and to regulate
nuclear safety to protect the public, the workers and the
environment from the harmful effects of radiation and in a
manner that wins the confidence of all the stakeholders
• Our Mission:
To ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities and to protect
the radiation workers, general public and the environment from
the harmful effects of radiation by formulating and implementing
effective regulations and building a relationship of trust with the
licensee and maintain transparency in actions and decisions
taken by the regulatory authority.
3
Regulatory Framework
Ordinance
Regulations
Regulatory
Guides
Codes and
Standards
a) Issued by the Government of Pakistan
b) presents basic objectives, concepts and
principles of nuclear and radiation safety and
protection for the regulation of nuclear
energy
a) issued by PNRA
b) specify the basic requirements that must be
fulfilled to ensure safety but do not contain
recommendations on how to meet the
requirements
a) issued by PNRA, of a non-mandatory nature
b) recommend actions, conditions or
procedures for meeting safety requirements
a) Issued by national and international
organizations e.g. IEEE, ASME etc.
b) recommend standard set of criteria or
acceptance values for achieving
4
Core Functions
•
•
•
•
• Safety Analysis
Reports
• PSA report
• Emergency Plans
• Physical
Protection
Program, etc.
Registration
License
Permits
NOCs etc.
• Inspection
Reports
• Directives
• Warnings
• Notices etc.
Authorization
Review and
Assessment
Inspection and
Enforcement
Development
of Regulatory
Framework
• Regulations
• Regulatory
Guides
5
Legal Framework
Nuclear Safety
• PNRA Ordinance
• Safety Regulations for Nuclear and Radiation Safety
• Convention on Nuclear Safety
Nuclear Security
•
•
•
•
PNRA Ordinance
Relevant Regulations
Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
IAEA INFCIRC/225
6
Concept of Nuclear Safety
7.
6. Secondary to Tertiary
4. Containment 5. Primary to Secondary
7
Concept of Radiation Safety
Shielding
Time
Distance
To protect man from the harmful effects of radiation
9
Concept of Nuclear Security
Detection
Adversary or
Intruder
Barrier/Delay
To protect the facility from the deliberate actions
Response
10
Integration of Safety and Security
Prevention
Prevention
Protection
Control
Deterrence
Mitigation
Public
Workers
Environment
Potential
hazards
from
Malicious
acts
Potential
hazards
from site and
operational
malfunctions
Shared objectives of Nuclear Safety and
Nuclear Security
 The shared objective is to protect people and
environment from the potential risk from
radioactive material and associated facilities
 Both consider and deal with the human behavior
which is important for the establishment and
enhancement of culture.
 Both strive for:
 handling the complacency
 achieving high standards of honesty and integrity
 Establishing an effective management system
12
Cultural
Generative
Safety & Security is built into the
way we work and think
Reactive
Safety & Security is important we
do lots of it after every accident
Safety and Security Culture Approach
Nuclear Safety Culture
Nuclear Security Culture
• Risk of inadvertent human • Places an additional
emphasis on deliberate acts
error
• Immediate response to
• Overriding concern for
confirmed or perceived
transparency and dialogue
threats/ incidents requiring
leading to sharing of
restriction on communication
information
to authorized persons
Safety and security culture coexist and need to reinforce each other
because they share the common objective of limiting risk. There will
be occasions where there are differences between safety and security
requirements. Therefore, an organization in charge of nuclear
matters has to foster an approach that integrates safety and security
in a mutually supporting manner.
14
Synergy of Safety and Security Culture
Safety and security cultures need to reinforce each other
and organization has to foster an approach that integrates
safety and security in a mutually supporting manner.
Organizational Culture
Nuclear
Safety
Culture
Nuclear
Security
Culture
15
Safety Culture
 Continuous safety improvement is the organizational
goal with eagerness to escalate the safety level step
by step all the time
 Staff is committed to develop and embed a safety
culture in all activities and decisions that recognizes
the importance and value of effective safety
management and acknowledges that safety is
paramount
 Each individual adopts the attributes and follow the
norms/principles of safety culture to maintain and
enhance safety which will ultimately lead to ensure
protection of public, worker and environment
16
Nuclear Security Culture
• Appropriate Nuclear Security Culture
ensures that the implementation of nuclear
security measures receive the attention
warranted by their significance
17
Role of PNRA in promoting Safety and
Security Culture
Safety Culture
Security Culture
Establishing
Regulatory
Framework
Verification of the
implementation of
Regulatory framework
Inspections of the
safety culture
Establishing Regulatory
Framework
Protect the
Environment
Protect the
Public
Security awareness among the
users of radioactive materials
and sources
Leading by example
(implementing state of the art
security system at PNRA)
Protect the
Workers
Promoting reporting
culture (e.g., events,
errors, near misses)
Establishing control over
radioactive sources and
materials and regaining
control on orphan sources
Providing platform
For open
communication
Assistance and training of law
enforcing agencies
18
Training Courses
19
Nuclear Safety & Security Inspections
Number of Inspections
Nuclear Safety Inspections (2009-2011)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
C-1
436
KANUPP
C-2
379
192
140
88
64
80
2009
74
82
2010
2011
Number of Inspections
Nuclear Security Inspections (2009-2011)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
68
55
53
42
21
11
6
2009
NPPs
Radiaiton Facilities
5
2010
2011
Searches for Orphan Sources
20
Public Awareness Program
• Lectures delivered at different Universities
• Participation of public sector organizations in
different lectures and seminars e.g. FBR, MoFA,
SPD etc.
• Yearly meeting with govt. organizations specially
with different regulators of country e.g. PEMRA,
NEPRA, OGRA etc.
21
International Seminar on Nuclear Safety
and Security Challenges of 21st Century
The seminar aimed to provide an
opportunity to review the existing
practices, identify strengths, weaknesses
and areas of improvement for safe and
secure use of nuclear technology in the
country.
22
Present Activities
 Effective integration of various stakeholders for
achieving a common goal (PNRA, PAEC, SPD,
MoFA, Licensee….)
 Establishment of a sustain able system for
education and training
 Capacity building through education, training and
awareness of:
 Users of Nuclear/ Radiation facilities and their Security staff
 Managers/ Policy makers/ Targeted public groups
 Provision of latest equipment/ software
23
Present Activities
 Enhancement of nuclear safety/ security culture
at all level and assessment through PNRA
inspections
 Exchange of best practices during inspections
 Provision of radiation detection equipment at
national borders/ ports for combating Illicit
Trafficking
 Periodic survey of scrap metal facilities to
ensure the provision of clean metal to the nation
24
Challenges
 A sustainable system for education & training
and awareness
 Media management during
campaigns
public awareness
 An effective coordination of all agencies/
stakeholders
 Handling the lack of reporting culture
 Considering human factors for enhancement of
safety and security culture.
25
Conclusion
If it matters, it should not happen;
If it happens, it should not matter
26