ENGAGEMENT OF CITIZENS AND CIVIL SOCIETY TO
ENHANCE PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND
COUNTER CORRUPTION
Presentation at the Meeting to Commemorate the UN International Anticorruption Day
Organized by the Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
Roberto Villarreal
Chief, Development Management Branch
Division for Public Administration and Development Management
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
New York City, 8 December 2011
ORGANIGRAM
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION A/RES/65/1:
KEEPING THE PROMISE: UNITED TO ACHIEVE THE MDGs
“We take note of the lessons learned and successful policies and approaches in the
implementation and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and
recognize that with increased political commitment these could be replicated and
scaled up for accelerating progress, including by:
(…)
(e) Supporting participatory, community-led strategies aligned with national
development priorities and strategies;
(f) Promoting universal access to public and social services and providing social
protection floors;
(g) Improving capacity to deliver quality services equitably;
(h) Implementing social policies and programmes, including appropriate conditional
cash-transfer programmes, and investing in basic services for health, education,
water and sanitation;
(i) Ensuring the full participation of all segments of society, including the poor and
disadvantaged, in decision-making processes;
(…)
(l) Enhancing opportunities for women and girls and advancing the economic, legal
and political empowerment of women;
(n) Working towards transparent and accountable systems of governance at the
national and international levels;
GA MILENNIUM
DECLARATION
AND MDGs
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
CITIZENS
GROUPS
SOCIAL
NETWORKS
CIVIC
ASSOCIATIONS
TAXES AND
PERSONAL DUTIES
PUBLIC GOODS
POLITICAL
PARTIES
PEOPLE
LABOR
UNIONS
UNIVERSITIES
AND THINK TANKS
COOPERATIVES
PROFESSIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS
INDUSTRAL
CHAMBERS
MULTISTAKEHOLDERS
ORGANIZATIONS
(1) STAKEHOLDERS
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
SUPREME
AUDITING
COMMUNITIES
CIVIL SOCIETY
ORGANIZATIONS
MEDIA
JUICIARY
(RULE OF LAW, JUSTICE
ADMINISTRATION,
SECURITY, DEFENSE,
PUBLIC HEALTH,
SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT,
MONETARY AND
TECHNICAL STANDARDS,
FINANCIAL STABILITY….)
PUBLIC SERVICES
(CORE PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
SERVICES,
INFRASTRUCTURE
SERVICES, SOCIAL
SERVICES)
CONGRESS
EXECUTIVE,
ADMINISTRATION
GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL
BANK
MINISTRIES
CONSUMER
PROTECTION
SOE
ANTICORRUPTION
AGENCY
HUMAN RIGHTS
OMBUDSMAN
ESC
LEADERSHIP, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, EMPOWREMENT OF
CITIZENS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, TRANSPARENCY,
(2) SUBSTANTIVE MATTER ICT(3) INSTITUTIONS (4) ENABLING CONDITIONS
3
ACCOUNTABILITY : DIVERSE MODES
LOCAL LEVEL
PROVINCIAL OR STATE LEVEL
COUNTRY LEVEL
PRIVATE SECTOR
AND SOCIETY
GOVERNMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR
TOP
TOP
S1
SN
S2
I
A
I
A
DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY
HIERACHICAL ACCOUNTABILITY
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
CITIZENS AND CIVIL
SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
LEGISLATURE
EXECUTIVE
E1
AUD
I
A
U
En
I
A
S
INTERNAL AUDITING
OFFICIAL AUDITING
L
S
R
AUD
R
SUPREME AUDITING
DIRECT ACCOUNTABILITY TO CITIZENS
4
A TASK-FOCUSED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE MINDED VIEW
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES (FOR DISCUSSION)
…
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
HAVE NOTs
FRMAL
INSTRUMENTS
(EXAMPLES)
• Investigations
• Auditing
• Inspections
• Multi-stakeholderBoards
• Civic
observatories and
councils
• Ombusdmen
INFORMAL
• Illegitimate control
(tolerance or protection of wrong or criminal
acts or conducts, even if no tangible
economic dimensions are in the forefront),
e.g., incompetence, malpractice, unethical
behavior, low respect for clients, etc.)
HAVEs
• Illegitimate taxation
(bribes)
…
TRADITIONAL
GOVERNMENT ORGANS,
HIGH-LEVEL CSOs
• Illegitimate acquisitions and spending
and illegitimate (non-) collection of
deliveries (deviations in expenditures and
collections of service fees)
USERS, CITIZENS,
GRASSROOTS CSOs
• Illegitimate exclusion of non-State
producers
(deviations in granting exclusive production
rights: concessions, permits, licenses, etc, .)
ALL USERS AND CITIZENS
ANTI-CORRUPTION: PREVENTION
OR ERADICATION OF:
TO
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
WHOM (HYPOTHESIS: SPATIAL, SKILLS,
(?)
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE)
•Reporting
systems
• Hearings,
meetings
HOW DO FORMAL AND INFORMAL
NEED FOR MORE EFFECTIVE POLICIES? INSTITUTIONS WORK TOGETHER?
5
FOR DELIBERATION AND ANALYSIS
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
TRADITIONAL
GOVERNMENT ORGANS,
HIGH-LEVEL CSOs
USERS, CITIZENS,
GRASSROOTS CSOs
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
(HYPOTHESIS: SPATIAL, SKILLS,
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE)
 Do these comparative advantages
exist?
 Are both approaches
complementary to each other?
 Are there undesirable duplications
of functions or other negative
effects?
 Can an effective and efficient
combination of the two
approaches be attained, and in
case, how?
6
FINAL REMARKS

The Development Management Branch (DMB) looks forward to conclude by the
end of 2011 a publication covering issues of interest for all UN Member States on
“Accountability and Eradication of Corruption for Fostering Development :
Engagement of Citizens.”

Different activities will be pursued in this regard:
–
Analytical and research efforts
• Concepts
• Indicators
–
A number of international meetings with experts and practitioners
• For knowledge sharing and capacity building
–
A global knowledge base on auditing and accountability and eradication of corruption
for development will be constructed, as part of the UN Public Administration Country
Studies database (UNPACS)
• To systematically gather, organize and publicly offer information on every UN Member State on
their legal and institutional framework, and on good practices
–

Laws, institutions, organization models
» Institutions for citizens engagement
It is expected that these efforts will effectively contribute to the intergovernmental
process of the United Nations
• Declarations, resolutions, guidelines

All participants are welcome to cooperate with DMB in these matters
7
FINAL REMARKS
 The Division for Public Administration and Development
Management, functions as Secretariat to the United Nations
Public Service Awards
– In 2011, in cooperation with the United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime, a new category was inaugurated on
prevention of corruption
– For most information see: www.unpan.org
END OF PRESENTATION
8
ANNEXES
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
9
DPADM AND DMB IN THE UN SECRETARIAT
UNITED NATIONS
GOVERNING BODIES
BACK
General Assembly,
Economic and Social
Council, etc.
DESA
DIVISION FOR
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT
(DPADM)
UNITED
NATIONS
SECRETARIAT
Office of the
Secretary
General and
executive offices
DEPARTMENT
OF
ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL
AFFAIRS
(DESA)
OTHER
DEPARTMENTS
AND OFFICES;
REGIONAL
COMMISSIONS
SPECIALIZED
AGENCIES,
AND
PROGRAMS
(UNESCO,
UNCTAD,
WHO, FAO,
UNICEF,
UNDP, etc.)
DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT
BRANCH
Economics, Social,
Environment,
Gender, etc.
e-GOVERNMENT
BRANCH
(eGB)
(DMB)
Internet
Governance
Forum (IGF)
OTHER DIVISIONS
AND OFFICES
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
BRANCH
(PACB)
UN
Programme
on
Governance
(UNPOG)
Global Alliance
for ICT and
Development
(GAID)
Global
Centre for
eParliament
MILLENNIUM DECLARATION
• Development encompasses a considerable large array of
matters, so to focus attention and concentrate efforts from
relevant actors in a set of very fundamental ones, the
Millennium Declaration adopted by the UN General
Assembly in 2000, highlighted the following and set
corresponding targets for the year 2015 to guide adequate
progress
(continued…)
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (1)
Goal 1 End Poverty and Hunger
•
•
•
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than $1 a day
Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work
for all, including women and young people
Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education
•
Target 1: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
•
Target 1: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later
than 2015
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (2)
Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality
•
Target 1: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the underfive mortality rate
Goal 5 Improve maternal Health
•
•
Target 1: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
Target 2: Achieve universal access to reproductive health
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
•
•
•
Target 1: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Target 2: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Target 3: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (3)
Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
•
Target 1: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
•
Target 2: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
•
Target 3: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
•
Target 4: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (4)
Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development
•
Target 1: Address the special needs of least developed countries,
landlocked countries and small island developing states
•
Target 2: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system
•
Target 3: Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt
•
Target 4: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
•
Target 5: In cooperation with the private sector, make available
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
GO BACK
END OF ANNEXES
http://www.UNPAN.org/DPADM/
16