Ethics and
Social
Responsibility chapter four
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives
1. Explain the relationship between ethics and the law
2. Differentiate between the claims of the different stakeholder groups that are affected by managers and their companies actions
3. Describe four rules that can be used to help companies and their managers act in ethical ways
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Learning Objectives
4. Discuss why it is important for managers to behave ethically
5. Identify the four main sources of managerial ethics
6. Distinguish between the four main approaches toward social responsibility that a company can take
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The Nature of Ethics
• Ethical Dilemma
– quandary people find themselves in when they have to decide if they should act in a way that might help another person even though doing so might go against their own self-interest
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The Nature of Ethics
• Ethics
– The inner-guiding moral principles, values, and beliefs that people use to analyze or interpret a situation and then decide what is the right or appropriate way to behave
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Dealing with Ethical Issues
• There are no absolute or indisputable rules or principles that can be developed to decide if an action is ethical or unethical
• Neither laws nor ethics are fixed principles
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Stakeholders and Ethics
• Stakeholders
– The people and groups that supply a company with its productive resources and so have a claim on and stake in the company.
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Types of Company Stakeholders
Figure 4.1
Page 131
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Stockholders
• Want to ensure that managers are behaving ethically and not risking investors’ capital by engaging in actions that could hurt the company’s reputation
• Want to maximize their return on investment
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Managers
• Responsible for using a company’s financial capital and human resources to increase its performance
• Have the right to expect a good return or reward by investing their human capital to improve a company’s performance
• Frequently juggle multiple interests
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Managers
• Problem has been that in many companies corrupt managers focus not on building the company’s capital and stockholder’s wealth but on maximizing their own personal capital and wealth
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Employees
• Expect to receive rewards consistent with their performance
• Companies can act ethically toward employees by creating an occupational structure that fairly and equitably rewards employees for their contributions
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Suppliers and Distributors
• Suppliers expect to be paid fairly and promptly for their inputs
• Distributors expect to receive quality products at agreed-upon prices
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Some Principles from the Gap’s Code of
Vendor Conduct
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Table 4.1

Customers
• Most critical stakeholder
• Company must work to increase efficiency and effectiveness in order to create loyal customers and attract new ones
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Whole Food’s Stakeholder Approach to
Ethical Business
Figure 4.2
Page 137
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Community, Society, and Nation
• Community
– Physical locations like towns or cities in which companies are located
– A community provides a company with the physical and social infrastructure that allows it to operate
• A company contributes to the economy of the town or region through salaries, wages, and taxes
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Example – Houston Non-Profits
• Many Houston area non-profits were adversely affected by the demise of Enron
• Many were dependent on donations from
Enron
• The arts community was especially hit hard
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Ethical Decision Making
Figure 4.3
Page 139
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Practical Decision Model
1. Does my decision fall within the acceptable standards that apply in business today?
2. Am I willing to see the decision communicated to all people and groups affected by it?
3. Would the people with whom I have a significant personal relationship approve of the decision?
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Why should managers behave ethically?
• The relentless pursuit of self-interest can lead to a collective disaster when one or more people start to profit from being unethical because this encourages other people to act in the same way
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Some Effects of
Ethical/Unethical Behavior
Figure 4.4
Page 144
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Trust and Reputation
• Trust
– willingness of one person or group to have faith or confidence in the goodwill of another person
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Trust and Reputation
• Reputation
– esteem or high repute that individuals or organizations gain when they behave ethically
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Sources of Ethics
Figure 4.5
Page 146
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Societal Ethics
• Societal Ethics
– Standards that govern how members of a society should deal with one another in matters involving issues such as fairness, justice, poverty, and the rights of the individual
• People behave ethically because they have internalized certain values, beliefs, and norms
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Occupational Ethics
• Occupational Ethics
– Standards that govern how members of a profession, trade, or craft should conduct themselves when performing work-related activities
– Medical & legal ethics
– Table 4.2 page 149
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Individual Ethics
• Individual Ethics
– Personal standards and values that determine how people view their responsibilities to other people and groups
– How they should act in situations when their own self-interests are at stake
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Organizational Ethics
• Organizational Ethics
– Guiding practices and beliefs through which a particular company and its managers view their responsibility toward their stakeholders
– Top managers play a crucial role in determining a company’s ethics
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Social Responsibility
• Social Responsibility
– The way a company’s managers and employees view their duty or obligation to make decisions that protect, enhance, and promote the welfare and well-being of stakeholders and society as a whole
– Table 4.3 page 154
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Approaches to Social Responsibility
Figure 4.6
Page 155
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Approaches to Social Responsibility
• Obstructionist approach
– Companies choose not to behave in a social responsible way and behave unethically and illegality
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Approaches to Social Responsibility
• Defensive approach
– companies and managers stay within the law and abide strictly with legal requirements but make no attempt to exercise social responsibility
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Approaches to Social Responsibility
• Accommodative approach
– Companies behave legally and ethically and try to balance the interests of different stakeholders against one another so that the claims of stockholders are seen in relation to the claims of other stakeholders
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Approaches to Social Responsibility
• Proactive approach
– Companies actively embrace socially responsible behavior, going out of their way to learn about the needs of different stakeholder groups and utilizing organizational resources to promote the interests of all stakeholders
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Why Be Socially Responsible?
1. Demonstrating its social responsibility helps a company build a good reputation
2. If all companies in a society act socially, the quality of life as a whole increases
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Role of Organizational Culture
Ethical values and norms help organizational members:
• Resist self-interested action
• Realize they are part of something bigger than themselves
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Johnson & Johnson Credo
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Figure 4.7
Page 158

Ethics Ombudsman
• Responsible for communicating ethical standards to all employees
• Designing systems to monitor employees conformity to those standards
• Teaching managers and employees at all levels of the organization how to appropriately respond to ethical dilemmas
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