The Canadian Occupational
Health and Safety System加拿大
职业卫生与安全体系
An Overview概况
Canada Has 14 Jurisdictions加拿
大有14个行政辖区

1 Federal一个联邦
 10 Provinces and 3 Territories10个省和3个地
区
.
Provincial and Territorial Jurisdictions (90% of workers)
省级及地方管辖区（90%的工人）:
 Provincial and territorial employees省级和地方员工
 Workers in most industries, including small
businesses and self-employed workers在大多数行业
中的工人，包括从事小买卖和自主经营者
 e.g. construction, manufacturing, textiles, mining
如建筑业、制造业、纺织业和采矿业
Federal Jurisdiction (10% of workers)联邦区划（10%的
工人）:
 Employees of federal government and federal
corporations, military联邦政府和联邦公司、军队的员
工
 Workers in certain national corporations
全国性公司中的工人
 e.g. airlines, railways, telecommunications
如航空、铁路和通信业
Internal Responsibility System内
部责任体系

Employer and employees: 雇主和雇员



Employer manages the workplace safely.雇主安全管理
工作场所



Know their work and the hazards best最清楚其工作和致危因素
Cooperate to implement safety measures共同执行安全措施
Employer must take all reasonable actions to protect the
health and safety of workers.雇主必须采取所有合理的行动保护
工人的卫生与安全
Employer is accountable for non-compliance.雇主要对不遵守
法律的行为负责
Government agencies:政府机构


Legislate, inspect, and enforce (civil, criminal)立法、监督和执
法（民法和刑法）
Provide preventive services and incentives 提供预防性服务和
激励措施
Employer Responsibilities雇主职
责








Identify workplace hazards – prevent & control 确认工作场所致
危因素-预防和控制
Implement safe work practices and comply with all regulations执
行安全工作实践并遵守所有规章
Develop hazard prevention program and management system制
定危害预防方案和管理体系
Provide workplace training and education to workers为工人提供
工作场所培训和教育
Support employee participation, such as safety committees支持
员工参与，如安全委员会
Train supervisors to ensure they are “competent”培训部门主管
以保证他们“称职”
Inspect the workplace检查工作场所
Have an accident investigation and reporting system有事故调查
和报告体系
Employer Due Diligence雇主的应
尽职责

Due diligence is a legal defense in case of accident
or injury尽职尽责是在发生事故和工伤时的合法防卫


Evidence that all reasonable precautions were taken to
prevent accidents and injuries证明采取一切合理的预防措施
阻止事故和伤害的发生。
Steps to demonstrate due diligence:展示尽职尽责的
步骤




Show that employer is aware of hazards and acting to
control them.表明雇主清楚致危因素并采取行动对其进行控制
Document policies, practices, and procedures.文件政策、实
践和程序
Monitor workplace and ensure that employees follow
workplace procedures and requirements.监督工作场所并确
定所有雇员遵守工作场所程序和要求
Implement good practices used in similar organizations and
industries. 执行在相似机构和行业使用的优秀实践。
Workers’ Rights工人的权利

Right to Participate参与权



Right to Know知情权



Joint Health and Safety Committees
联合卫生与安全委员会
Must be informed about hazards必须告知雇员致危
因素
Must be trained on safe work procedures必须对员工
进行工作安全程序的培训
Right to Refuse unsafe work对不安全工作的拒
绝权

Specific procedures detailed in regulations具体的程
序 应该在规章中说明
Workers’ Responsibilities工人的
责任
 Work
safely according to procedures
 根据程序安全地工作
 Use safety equipment and personal
protective equipment使用安全设备和个
人防护设备
 Report
hazards报告致危因素
History of Health and Safety卫生
与安全历史
Ontario Factories Act安大略行业法令
1911 Building Trades Protection Act建筑保护法令
1914 Workmen’s Compensation Act工人赔偿法令
1917 Industrial Accident Prevention Assoc.工伤预防协会
1929 Construction Safety Association建筑安全协会
1978 Occupational Health and Safety Act职业卫生与安
全法令
1978 CCOHS founded 建立职业卫生与安全中心
1998 Workplace Safety and Insurance Board工作场所安
全和保险委员会
1884
Health and Safety Organizations
卫生和安全组织

Compensation boards (13)赔偿委员会


Ministries of Labour (14)劳工部



Legislation, standards, enforcement立法、标准和
执法
CCOHS加拿大职业卫生与安全中心
Sectoral and professional safety associations
行业和职业安全协会


Insurance保险, treatment待遇, rehabilitation（复
职）, prevention预防, education教育
Prevention, training, consulting预防、培训和咨询
Education and training organizations教育和培
训机构
 Research institutions 研究院
 Independent consultants 独立专家
Workers’ Insurance in Canada
加拿大的工人保险
(Historic Compromise)

Employers pay premiums to workers’
compensation boards (WCBs) based on their
injury record 雇主根据其工伤记录向赔偿委员
会为工人缴纳保险



Insurance is mandatory 保险是强制的
No-fault insurance无过失保险 – workers cannot
sue employers工人不能起诉雇主
Boards pay incentives to employers to encourage
prevention, training, and other safety programs by
employers委员会对雇主进行奖励以鼓励雇主采取
预防、培训和其他安全方案
Roles of the Workers’ Compensation
Boards (WCBs)工人赔偿委员会的职
责

Provide treatment and rehabilitation提供待遇
和复职服务
 Pay injured workers while they recover受伤工
人在康复过程中要得到赔偿费用
 Pay pensions to workers who are
permanently disabled向永久残疾的工人支付
抚恤金
 Fund safety associations (industry sectors)为
安全协会(工业行业）出资
 Deliver services for prevention and education
为预防和教育活动提供服务
– Example –
Construction Safety Association of Ontario安大略建
筑安全协会



Established 1929 to serve construction industry1929年
成立，为建筑行业服务
Bipartite – employers and building trades双方-雇主和建
筑工
Funded by WSIB (compensation board)由安全检查委员
会（赔偿委员会）出资


About 2% of construction insurance funds
($ 750 million (about $2000 per worker per year))
Major functions:主要功能


Education and training 教育和培训
Consulting and technical advice咨询和技术建议



Target companies with high injury rates高工伤率的目标企业
Target new companies瞄准新企业
Research研究
CCOHS加拿大职业卫生与安全中心

Established 1978 as the national centre1978年作为国
家中心成立
 Mandate宗旨: promote OH&S提升职业卫生与安全
 Tripartite (governments, industry, unions)三方（政府、行业、工
会）

Primary roles:首要职责

Information to all workplace parties将信息通告工作场所各方





Free Inquiries and OSH Answers免费提问和提供免费职业卫生与
安全答案
Databases – legislation, CHEMINFO数据库-立法
Publications and e-courses出版物和电子课程
Workplace tools and services – OH&S management system,
MSDS writer, MSDS management工作场所工具和服务-职业卫
生与安全管理体系，
Collaborative projects such as INTOX 协同工程
Recent Trends in Canada加拿大
的近期趋势

Improved performance绩效得到提升


More enforcement更多地执法



Fewer injuries, better compliance更少的工伤，更好的遵守法
律
Criminal liability追究刑事责任
More research to identify best practices进行更多研究
以确认最佳实践
More workplace requirements:工作场所更多要求


Education and training教育和培训
Prevention programs and management 预防项目和管理
Evolving Issues in Canada加拿大
不断出现的问题

Effectiveness of incentives to employers对雇
主刺激的有效性


Low injury rates低工伤率
High performance:好的表现



Corporate social responsibility融入社会责任感


Strong prevention programs强大的预防方案
Management systems 管理体系
Performance beyond the law法律之外的表现
New employment relationships新雇用关系


More contract work更多合约工作
Employment agencies雇用机构
Thank you
Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety
bobw@ccohs.ca