MODERN/INTERNATIONAL STYLE
ARCHITECTURE
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Mirrors early 20th century development visual arts
Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, de Stijl, Bauhaus
Merging of Aesthetics with functionality
Louis Sullivan, Walter Gropius
Mass produced materials, economical, functional, efficient
society, urban center
• International Style:
– Volume
– Regularity
– Avoid Decoration
Gropius, Bauhaus Headquarters, Dessau,
Germany, 1919-25
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Est. 1919-33
Weimar
Walter Gropius
Hannes Meyer,
Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe, Lazlo
Moholy-Nagy
Functional, cheap,
mass produced
Utopia
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Fank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), Guggenheim
Museum, New York, NY, 1959
• Early Work
– Prairie Style,
Organic
architecture,
Revival of past,
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Year of death
Spiral (100’)
Unified
Purity
Movement
Competes with/
enhances artwork
• Sculpture
Wright, Guggenheim Museum Interior
• Resemblance to
forms in nature
• Organic
Experience
• Defies/Mimics
regularity of Intl
style
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Le Corbusier (1887-1965), Notre Dame du Haut,
Ronchamps, France, 1950-55
• Charles-Edouard
Jeanneret
• Bauhaus inspired
• Sculptural Style
• Hadrian’s Villa
• Emphasis on Design
• Steel beams & mesh
• Destination for
Pilgrims
• “Praying hands” (32’
peak)
• Dove
• Outdoor altar
Interior
Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1928-30
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Steel beams & mesh
Horizontal & Vertical
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Five Points of a New
Architecture:
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Freestanding pilotis
Open plan
Horizontal window
Free façade
Roof garden
Piet Mondrian, Composition, 1931
Villa Savoye details
Mies van der Roe (1886-1969) & Phillip Johnson
(1906-2005), Seagram Building, New York, 1958
• German
• “Less is More”
• New York Buildings
– Lake Shore Drive Apts.
– United Nations Bldg.
• “Successful relationship of
parts of each and the whole”
• Skeletal, bronze and Amber
windows, set away from
street, on stilts,
weightless/sturdy
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Jorn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Australia, 1972
• Reinforced
concrete
• Free form
system
• Shells,
Orange peels
• 222 ft (peak)
• F.L. Wright
• Sculpture
• Rhythm
Moshe Safdie (1938-), Habitat, Montreal, 1967
• PrePostmodern
• Cliffs,
Legos,
Building
Blocks
• Open-air
living
• 158
apartments
• Cantilever
Safdie, Habitat, view from below
Safdie,
Habitat,
67
Richard Meier (1934-), Douglas House, Harbor
Springs, MI, 1971-3
• New York School (5)
– Eisenman, Hejduk,
Graves,
Gwathmey
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Wealthy clients
Neo-Corbusian
Purist, De Stijl
Highlights &
Contrasts with
environment
• “Has its own
presence”
Meier, Douglas House, 1971-3
• Dynamic interplay of lines
• Purified open space
Meier, Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy, 1998-2003
Late 19th Early 20th c.
Women in Architecture
• Obstacles
– Social
standards
– Emphasis on
engineering
and math
• Julia Morgan
– Hearst
Castle, 19221939
• Eileen Gray
– E1027, 1924