PARTNERSHIP WITH AFRICA THROUGH
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN IRRIGATION
AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
WAPCOS Ltd.
(A Govt. of India Undertaking - Ministry of Water Resources)
Established in June, 1969
International Consultants in Water Resources, Power and Infrastructure Development
Contents

Development Scenario

Technological Innovations for Irrigation & Agriculture
Development

Strategy for Social Upliftment

Role of Consultants

WAPCOS Profile

WAPCOS Proposal for Project Identification & Development
Development Scenario
Continent of Abundant Resources
 Land
 Water
 Minerals
 Oil, Coal & Gas
 Minerals
 World’s top producer
(Diamond 78%, Platinum 54%, Chromium 40%)
 Energy
 Significant fossil fuels (Oil, Gas and Coal)
 Large biomass and bio-fuels potential
 Huge Hydro-electric potential (45 GW)
 Tourism
 World’s greatest diversity (Culture, Flora, Fauna)
 Important source of livelihood

Development Objectives

Food Security
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
Irrigation Development
Introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds
Provision of fertilizers and pesticides
Crop husbandry techniques
Health Security
 Provision of safe drinking water for all
 Promotion of Sanitation and hygiene

Livelihood Security
 Direct and indirect employment in Irrigation and Agriculture
 Development of agro-based industries
 Cascading effect on other development activities

Ecological security
 Prevention of water pollution
 Maintaining Minimum flows in Rivers
 Measures against over exploitation of ground water resources
WATER is the main Catalyst to help meet
“Development Needs”
 Growing Food
 Generating Energy for
 Industrial Development
 Pumping of Ground Water for
Irrigation and Drinking Water Supply
 Encouraging industrial and service
sector growth
 Generating Rural livelihoods
 Ensuring the Integrity of ecosystems for
 Environmental Protection
 Water Quality
 Plants
 Animals
 Prevention of Degradation of Forest
Cover and Soils etc.
Main issues in Irrigation and Agriculture
Development

Investment in Irrigation Development
• Storage reservoirs
• Major and Medium irrigation projects
 Lift Irrigation Projects
• Development of ground water resources for minor irrigation
 Energy
 Availability of pumps and other equipments
 Credit facility for small farmers
Main Issues in Agriculture Development in Africa....to be Contd.
Around 60% of African workers employed by Agriculture Sector
 About 60% of African farmers are at Subsistence level
 Production just adequate for domestic consumption
 Relatively small income for family
 Reinvestment in agriculture not possible
 No exportable surplus
 Small land holdings
 Upgradation of skills required in irrigation practices and Crop
husbandry
 More emphasis on agricultural extension services

Main Issues in Agriculture Development in Africa....to be Contd.


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Institutional arrangements and their linkages
Limited access to markets
 High import tariffs in developed countries
 High subsidies to rich farmers in developed countries
African farm products need to compete in developed
markets
Few large farms operated by large enterprises for
export
 Coffee
 Cocoa
 Rubber
Manufacturing / assembly of tractors, harvesters, irrigation pumps
etc. limited,
 Due to little industrial development
Few - Viable fertilizer and pesticide manufacturing
units in most countries
Agricultural Indicators by Region

Africa
South
Asia
East Asia
and Pacific
Latin America
and
Caribbean
World
Proportion of arable
land irrigated (%
age)
7.0
39.3
31.9
11.6
20.0
Added value per
worker ($/year)
416
412
461
3028
645
Per capita cereal
production (kg/year)
147
224
336
259
349
Cereal yield (kg/ha)
1225
2308
4278
2795
2067
Livestock
productivity (kg/ha)
164
121
150
198
193
Fertilizer Use (kg/ha)
22
109
241
85
100
Future Scenarios
Growth in agricultural production – 3% per year
 Growth in cereal production
– 3.4 % per year
 Population Growth
– 3.2% per year
Reflects need for enhanced developmental efforts

Current yield relative to estimated potential yield
Country/Region
Maize
Soybean Oil palm Sugarcane
Asia (Except West
Asia)
0.62
0.47
0.74
0.68
Europe
0.81
0.84
N.A
N.A
North America
0.89
0.77
N.A
0.72
Oceana
1.02
1.05
0.6
0.91
South America
0.65
0.67
0.87
0.93
North Africa & West
Asia
0.62
0.91
N.A
0.95
Sub-Saharan Africa
0.20
0.32
0.32
0.54
Source: World Bank 2010
1. Judicious Use of Irrigation water
 Efficiencies
Irrigation Efficiencies
Method of Irrigation
Surface
Sprinkler
Drip
Conveyance Efficiency
40-50 (canal)
60-70 (well)
-
-
Application Efficiency
60-70
70-80
90
moisture 30-40
30-40
20-25
30-35
50-60
80-90
Surface
water
evaporation
Overall efficiency
 Lining of Water courses
 30-40% reduction in losses
 Appropriate Cropping pattern
 Optimal utilization of available water
Farm Mechanization
2. Farm Mechanization
 Increase in productivity
 Seed-cum-fertilizer drill facilitates
12-34%
Saving in seeds
Saving in fertilizer
20%
15-20%
 Enhancement in cropping intensity
 Increase in gross income
5-22%
29-49%
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
PRIMARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
Sub soiler
Mould Board Plough
Disc plough
Reversible Mould Board Plough
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
ROTAVATOR
POWER HARROW
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Multicrop Tractor drawn
Ridger Seeder
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Tractor drawn
Automatic
Potato Planter
Automatic Potato
Planter in Operation
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Mat type nursery raising in paddy
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Self
Propelled
Power
Weeder
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Foot sprayer
Rocking sprayer
Power mist blower
(Sprayer-cum- duster)
Knap-sack sprayer
TD Boom sprayer
Farm Mechanization (Cont.)
Forage Harvesters/Chopper
Reaper Binder
Use of Seeds of HYV
3. Use of Seeds of High Yielding Varieties
Year
Yield (kg/ha)
Rice
Maize
Wheat
Oilsee
ds
1965-66
862
1005
827
419
1967-68 *
1032*
1123*
1103*
530 *
1975-76
1235
1203
1410
627
1985-86
1552
1146
2046
570
1995-96
1793
1570
2483
851
Green Revolution period – high yielding varieties
introduced
-Productivity increased consistently immediately after introduction HYV\ in
1967-68 as compared to traditional varieties in use during 1965-66
Insect, Pest & Disease Control – Agro based Industry


o
o
Weed Control : Weeds compete with crop and may
result in 30-40% reduction in crop yield
Insect, pest and disease control : Insects, pests & diseases may
result in yield loss upto 50% or more
Production of small irrigation pumps and agricultural equipment
Agro-based industries
- fruit processing and packaging - jams , sauce , vinegar etc.
- rice and lentil mills
- flour mills
- beverages and liquor
6. Green House for Cash Crops


Green Houses
Greenhouses can be used to turn inarable lands into arable lands Key
features:

Light and temperature controlled to suit different crops

Protect crops from too much heat/cold

Keep out pests

Used for growing

Flowers

Vegetables

Fruits

Tobacco plants
Advantages
 Yields can be 10-12 times higher than that of out-door cultivation
 Year round production of certain crops especially flowers
 Disease free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously
7. Watershed Management
Watershed Management
Objectives
Augmenting agricultural productivity through
 Local water harvesting and judicious use of water
 Soil moisture conservation
 Improved crop husbandry
 Preventing soil erosion (Soil Conservation)
 Generating alternative means of livelihood
 Management by local community

Type of Works

Watershed Management (Cont.)
Ridge Area Treatment
 Contour bunding
 Bench terracing

Contour bunding

Drainage Line Treatment
 Gully plugs
 Loose boulder checks
 Gabion structures
Gully plugs
Bench terracing Earthen bunds
Development of Water harvesting
structures
 Low cost farm ponds
 Bunds across local streams
 Check dams
 Percolation tanks
Check dams
 Groundwater recharge through
wells and bore wells
 Sub-surface dykes
Nursery raising for fodder, fuel, timber and horticulture species
 Land Development including soil and moisture conservation
 Field bunds
 Contour and graded bunds fortified with plantations
 Bench terracing in hilly terrain

Graded bunds
Bench Terracing
Pasture Development
Proper Marketing, Capacity Building strategy
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o
o
o
o
o
Collection, storage and distribution facilities
Road/Rail transport system
Linkages with major sea ports
Local, regional and material level marketing
Policy Reforms in favour of producers, wholesalers and exporters
Dedicated and decentralized institutional support and
delivery mechanism
Annual Action Plan for Capacity Building
Pool of Resource persons
Well prepared training modules and reading materials
Mechanism for effective monitoring and follow up.

Expansion of irrigation coverage

Augmenting Power generation and distribution


Development of the untapped hydro-power potential

Development of power from other sources

Rural electrification
Command Area development

Control of soil degradation

Prevention of drought and desertification

Strengthening Agricultural extension services

Creating / strengthening urban and rural infrastructure

Strengthening community based organizations

Capacity building through
Communication tools
Information,
Education
and
Need for Integrated Projects from development of water
source to marketing of Agriculture Produce
Present Requirement
Strategy for Social Upliftment (Cont.)
Growing Recognition of “ PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT GAP”
 Financing is available, but bankable projects
are not

EXPECTATIONS FROM PROJECTS
Balancing private and public
sector interests
Transparency and investor
confidence
Pursuit of sustainable economic
and social benefits
 Global financing options
CONSULTANTS
QUALIFICATIONS
 Experience in emerging
markets
Willingness to go
“THE EXTRA MILE”
Project
Conceptualization
Modernization
&
Rehabilitation
Reconnaissance
Survey &
Preliminary data
collection
STAGES IN PROJECT
CYCLE
Commissioning
& O&M
Viable
Project
Feasibility
Study
Detailed
Project Report
Techno-economic
Analysis
NEED ANALYSIS
Detailed Surveys &
Investigations
Environmental
Studies
EIA; EMP & R&R
Baseline Surveys
Policy Framework
& Support
Measures
Preparation of
Engineering design
and Drawings
Socio-cultural &
Gender aspects
Project
Management
Contract
Management
Construction
Supervision
Quality Control
Construction
Institutional &
Policy Aspects
Construction
Drawings
Economic and
Financial Analysis
Cost Estimates
Role of Consultant
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Policy Studies/Development of Master Plans
Pre-investment Studies/Financial Engineering
Evaluate Viability and Risks
Technology Promotion
Catalyst for timely and quality delivery of the Project
Confidence of borrower in Project Sustainability
Transfer of Technology and Technical Expertise
 Can be appointed by
Funding Agency
Lender’s Engineer
Borrowing Govt.
Owner’s Engineer
Recommended
by
Funding
Agency to, develop the Project
from Concept to Commissioning
and appointed by borrowing Govt.
Project Developer
• Established in June 1969 under the
aegis of Ministry of Water Resources,
GOI under Companies Act, 1956
 To share India’s experience and expertise in Water
Resources, Power and Infrastructure Development
 Provide opportunities for use of Indian Expertise in
diverse geographical and climatic conditions with
other countries
 Facilitate Diplomatic Initiatives to forge long term
relations with other developing Countries and
contribute in their economic development
 To augment endeavours of State and Central
agencies by providing total engineering solutions
31
 World Bank
 Asian Development Bank
 African Development Bank
 Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
 Food and Agriculture Organisation
 International Fund for Agriculture Development
 United Nations Development Programme
 World Health Organisation
 Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation
(ITEC) Programme
 Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
 United Nations Office for Project Services
(UNOPS)
Central Water
Commission
Central Electricity
Authority (CEA)
Survey of India (SOI)
Geological Survey of
India (GSI)
Central Ground Water
Board (CGWB)
Indian Council of
Agricultural Research
(ICAR)
Central Water and
Power Research
Station (CWPRS)
Central Soil and
Materials Research
Station (CSMRS)
Indian
Meteorological
Department (IMD)
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AFGHANISTAN
ALGERIA
ARMENIA
BANGLADESH
BURKINA FASO
BHUTAN
BURUNDI
CAMBODIA
CAMEROON
CENTRAL
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
CHAD
DR CONGO
ERITERIA
ETHIOPIA
FIJI ISLANDS
GEORGIA
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GHANA
INDONESIA

IRAN
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IRAQ
KENYA
KOREA
LAOS
LESOTHO
MALAYSIA
MALI
MAURITIUS
MOZAMBIQUE
MYANMAR
NAMIBIA
NEPAL
NIGER
NIGERIA
OMAN
PHILIPPINES
ONGOING PROJECTS
MORE BUSINESS EXPECTED
SHORTLY
PROJECTS COMPLETED IN
THE PAST
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RWANDA
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
SINGAPORE
SRI LANKA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
SOUTH AFRICA
SUDAN
SWAZILAND
SYRIA
TAIWAN
TANZANIA
TOGO
UGANDA
VIETNAM
YEMEN
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
Major Fields of Specialisation
Water Resources
•
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Irrigation, Drainage and Water Management
Ground Water Exploration and Minor Irrigation
Flood Control and River Morphology
Water Bodies and Lakes Conservation
Agriculture Including Dry Lands Farming
Power
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Hydro Electric Projects
Thermal Power Projects
Transmission & Distribution
Rural Electrification
Infrastructure
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Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage
Environmental Engineering
Ports & Harbours and Inland Waterways
Urban and Rural Areas Development
System Studies and Information Technology
Preliminary Investigations/ Reconnaissance
Feasibility Studies/Planning/Project
Formulation
Baseline and Socio-Economic Surveys
Field Investigations and Testing
Route Survey, Uttarakhand
Engineering Designs, Drawings and Tendering
Process
Contract Management and Construction
Supervision
Operation and Maintenance
Sewerage Scheme, Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh
Institutional/Human Resources Development
Experience
Survey &
Investigation/ Prefeasibility/Detailed
Project Reports for
over 300 Projects in
Irrigation, Water
Resources, Flood
Control, Ground
Water, Agricultural
etc. Contributed in
Development of
Irrigation Potential of
Over 12 Million Ha.
Surveys &
Investigation/Detailed
Project Reports &
Project Management
Consultancy for over
200 Projects in Water
Supply & Sanitation,
IEC, Rural & Urban
Development, Roads
and Highways
Engineering etc.
Experience (Contd.)
Surveys &
Investigations/
Modelling/Detailed
Engineering for over
180 Ports and Inland
Navigation Projects
Environmental Impact
Assessment Studies for
over 200 Projects in
India & Abroad in the
fields of Irrigation, Hydro
Power, Thermal Power,
Ports & Harbour,
Hospitals etc.
Experience (Contd.)
POWER SECTOR
Overseas
India
47 Hydro Power
Projects
in
17
Countries with an
installed capacity of
more than 20,000
MW
Over 43 Hydro
Power
Projects
with an installed
capacity of more
than 8000 MW
8 Thermal Power
Projects with an
installed capacity of
more than 2900 MW
17
Transmission
Projects
7 Thermal Power
Projects with an
installed
capacity of more
than 11000 MW
RECOGNITION
Dr. Manmohan Singh, Hon’ble Prime Minister
presenting the Top
Performing CPSEs’ “MoU Excellence Award” to Shri R.K. Gupta, CMD,
WAPCOS, in the presence of Shri Praful Patel, Hon’ble Minister of Heavy
Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India. The Award has
been instituted by Department of Public Enterprises, Government of
India to honour those who performed for India’s growth. The Award was
presented in a glittering ceremony held on 31st January, 2012 at Vigyan
Bhawan, New Delhi
 WAPCOS Conferred with Water Awards 2011-2012
 Best Consultancy Company
 Supported by




UNESCO
PHD Chamber of Commerce
ET Now
Water Digest
WAPCOS selected for Engineering
Export Promotion Council (EEPC)
award under category of Star
Performer - Project Export for the
year 2010-11
Phase – I (Short Term)

Expansion of Minor Irrigation through
• Local Rainwater Harvesting
• Small Storage Reservoirs

Survey and Investigations for
Integrated Water Resources
Development with Focus on
 Large Irrigation Schemes
 Hydropower Development
Phase – I (Short Term)

Expansion of Minor Irrigation through
• Local Rainwater Harvesting
• Small Storage Reservoirs

Survey and Investigations for
Integrated Water Resources
Development with Focus on
 Large Irrigation Schemes
 Hydropower Development

Preparation of a Comprehensive Master Plan
for
• Irrigation and Agriculture
Development

Institutional Strengthening and Capacity
Building with Focus on
 Introduction of High Yielding
Variety of Crops
 Judicious use of Irrigation Water
 Farm Mechanization

Policy and Legislative Reforms to Boost
Domestic Market for Agricultural Produce
Phase – II (Medium Term)

Construction of Medium
Irrigation Schemes

Setting up Small Agricultural
Demonstration Farms

Institutional Arrangements for
Agricultural Credit Facilities

Construction of Small and
Medium Infrastructure Works
Phase – III (Long Term)

Construction of Major Multipurpose Schemes

Setting up Land and Water Management Institutes and
Agricultural Sciences Centers

Construction of Major Infrastructure Development Works