Political Epochs of Poor People
( A period of time in History)
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Semi-Egalitarian Tribal Groups _ Small social groups lessen the chance of
internal domination and divisions. Communal not private (land)
Slavery - The most- powerful (aggressive) force others to do their work
for them without compensation.
Enslaved Africans were brought in chains to the Americans where their
masters often worked them to death.
Bronze Age - First significant wealth divisions appear. Only the richer and
more powerful could afford elaborate metal items. The POOR
COMMONERS continued to struggle with stone-age tools.
FIRST CIVILIZATION - 3100BC - defined by the divisions of labor and
class, ruled by a bureaucracy. Privileged class gets surplus.
Enclosures - Rich use private armies to fence off communal lands for their
private gain - especially lucrative wool-farming.
E.g. Roman Empire 500BC* England 1500AD* Scotland 1800s* NZ
1860s* India 1900s. Landless Peasants work in prison like workhouses
Colonization
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Profit - making companies use royal armies to conquer foreign lands and
people for commercial gain. (e.g. East India Company, NZ Company,
Hudson Bay Trading Co, Congo ‘Free’ State.
1700s Peasantry becomes working class - Some rural Peasants drift to
market towns where they end up working in (manufacturing)factories
and so evolve into the industrial Working Class. Their new bosses and
the merchants - who sell the products of their labor - become the
middle class.
The INDUSRTIAL REVOLUTION
• 1700S - The French Revolution - 1787 - 1799 that shook France
• 1770s - The American Revolution - the United Colonial Resistance
1772 - “The Boston Tea Party” 1773 - and other artisans- based
radicals- “Mechanics” vs. Profiteers which later led to the Declaration
of Independence 1776.
• The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
• The Ground was prepared by the voyagers of discovery from Western
Europe in the 15th & 16th century, which led to a vast influx of
precious metal from the New World, raising prices, stimulating
industry, and fostering a money economy.
• In the 17th century the Dutch were in the fore front financially.
I.R. in Great Britain
With the establishment of Bank of England in 1694. Capitalism appeared
on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepreneur
development from the old class of merchant adventures.
Many machines were already known, and there were sizable factories
using them, wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these
early factories.
18th century an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and
better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood.
Early -model steam engines were introduced to drain water and raise coal
from the mines.
Cotton Textile was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution.
James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny (patented 1770), Edmund
Cartwright’s power loom (patented 1783)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 1700’S
• Inventions increase production and profits for the privileged wealthy
few, while life for the Poor becomes worse.
• SOCIAL CONTRACTS - Tom Paine’s Rights of man’ and Mary
Wollstonecraft’s ‘Rights of Women’
• say that rulers have an obligation to their subjects and that people
contribute better to society when they are free.
• (Later Marx’s’ Communism Manifesto’ Observed” the worker poorer
the more wealth he produces.”)
• 1789 -The French revolution - Extravagant lifestyles of the privileged
rulers forces the nation to near bankrupt. The Poor and middle-class
intellectuals turn on the aristocracy (people born in the highest class)
and set up a more democratic-like government.
• In the case of American Revolution, the people turned on their English
Rulers.)
1837-CHARTISTS (principles of U.K. Reform Movement 1837-1848)
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• Name taken from the Manifesto ‘Peoples Charter’
• Movement for parliamentary reform, including voting rights for the
common Poor. ( Chartist influenced Socialist ideas)
• EDUCATION - Education and other knowledge sharing tools like the
printing press, TV and radio can tell the people that they don’t have to
live in poverty.
• UNFORTUNATELY,this mass communication is more often used by
the Rich in spreading oppressive lying propaganda and so in effect
education prepares the Poor for a life of servitude (slavery to a master).
LABOR UNIONS
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• 1800’S - WORKERS band together to push powerful bosses for better
working conditions and share of the profits.
• 1890’s - Poor gets voting rights to elect their own representatives into
parliament so they have a chance to rule their own lives.
• 1890’s -DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS - For a while, rulers begin
looking after the interest of the Poor, and not just the rich and
powerful. Some return to communal property, resulting in a more
equal distribution of wealth and so less poverty.
• PEOPLE LIVE MUCH LONGER
• 1980s - NEW RIGHT - Reactionary policies to re-instate the rich and
powerful as rulers of the common people, resulting in an increase in
poverty.
THE HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONS
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• Formation of congress of Trades Council and other Federations of
Trades Societies.
• February 21st 1868, the Manchester and Salford Trades Council
• The purpose was, since Manchester was the main centre of Industries
in the provinces.
• The organizers felt by confining the congress to such bodies it was
conceived that a deal of expense will be saved., as Trades will thus be
represented collectively:
The subjects treated by the council are:_________________________________________________________
1. Trade Unions an absolute necessity.
2. Trade Unions and Political Economy.
3. The Effect of Trade Unions on Foreign Competition
4. Regulation of the Hours of Labor
5. Limitation of Apprentices
6. Technical Education
7. Arbitration and Courts of Conciliation
8. Co-Operation
9. The present Inequality of the Law in regard to Conspiracy,
Intimidation, Picketing, Coercion, Etc
10. Factory Acts Extension Bill, 1867: the necessity of compulsory
Inspection, & it’s application to all places where Women and Children
are employed.
11. The present Royal Commission how worthy it is on T.U. Matters etc.
Why have a Congress of their own
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In 1865 the trade unions found that the Social Science Association, as the
middle class body in which the artizan class were,was almost entirely
excluded.
The then President Samuel Caldwell Nichlson & William Dronfield the
Tresurer pondered, of trade unionist going to these congresses of
allegedly “progressive” middle class organizations, were methodically
suppressed. There came a suggestion why not have a congress of pur
own.
If we put the clock back in 1824, all Trade Unions combinations was
illegal.
Individual trade unions then found themselves struggling on a vulnerable
isolation, with no national representative body through which they
could hope to speak and act in unison.
The first delegate conference was held in March 1868.
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MTUC
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SEJARAH PERGERAKAN KESATUAN SEKERJA DIMALAYSI
•
Sekitar 1890-1920 Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Sulit dan Kebajikan
berfungsi sebagai Kesatuan Sekerja
•
Dipelopori oleh pekerja Cina-ia merupakan sebahagian dari budaya
dan adat resam kehidupan mereka
•
Terkenal dikalangan pekerja-pekerja mahir, tukang jahit, pembuat
kasut, tukang emas, tukang kayu dan jurubina
•
Berkhidmat menyelaras pembekalan tenaga kerja kepada anggota
ahli, menentukan kualiti produk, gaji masa kerja
•
Persatuan Mekanik, Jurugegas, Tukang Paip, Juru Kimpal
ditubuhkan sekitar 1925
•
Walaupun mereka tumbuh sebagai pertubuhan yang besar dengan
mempunyai cawangan namum mereka diketepikan kerana dakwaan
ada kaitan dengan pertubuhan sulit
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MTUC
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• Awal 1920an - Pekerja-pekerja India bertindak secara kolektif
• Tetapi disebabkan perbuatan khianat dan pemecatan, pertubuhan yang
lebih teratur tidak dapat ditubuhkan sehingga penghujung tahun 1930
• Terbentuk Parti Komunis Cina di Negeri China, merangsang pekerja
Cina memperhebatkan kempen pertubuhan seterusnya menyemarkan
pertubuhan kesatuan sekerja di Malaya
• Pertubuhan militan ini mengancam kepentingan Kerajaan Penjajah dan
Perniagaan – menangguhakn pengiktirafan sah
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MTUC
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• 1925 – GLU ditubuhkan di Singapura, ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
siri tindakan mogok antara tahun 1926 hingga 1928 oleh Jurugegas
Cina, Pekerja Singapore Traction Company, Pembuat kasut dan Lainlain lagi
• GLU tidak dapat bertahan kerana serangan dan tekanan dari pihak
polis antara 1928 – 1931
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MTUC
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• Tahun 1920an Pengetahuan Politik dan Perjuangan Kesatuan sekerja
di India, dan peningkatan lebih ramai pekerja berpendidikan
menyumbang kepada kesedaran
kepentingan kesatuan sekerja
dikalangan pekerja-pekerja India
• 1936 Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM), Klang District
Indian Union ditubuhkan
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MTUC
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•
•
Awal 1941 Mogok oleh Pekerja Ladang India di Kawasan Kelang
Menuntut gaji lebih baik
Menentang layanan buruk terhadap pekerja dan keluarga mereka
Kurang keperluan-keperluan asas sosial
Mogok merebak di seluruh Negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan
16 Mei 1941 British menghantar tentera dan mengistiharkan darurat di
negeri Selangor
• Penahan dan serangan kerajaan menyebabkan kematian 5 pekerja,
kecederaan serius, pengusiran, penangkapan dan penahanan
pemimpin-pemimpin yang melancarkan mogok
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MTUC
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• Kerajaan penjajah tidak mengiktiraf kesatuan sehingga perang dunia
kedua
• Sikap Anti Kesatuan oleh Majikan Eropah
• Tidak ada undang-undang berkaitan kesatuan sekerja
• Ketegangan Kaum Buruh
tahun 1930 menyebabkan kerajaan
mengubal undang-undang
• 1939 Trade Union Bill dan Industrial Court Bill diperkenalkan dan
dikuatkuasakan dalam tahun 1940
• Namun tiada apapun berlaku sehingga selepas perang dunia kedua
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MTUC
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• Kesan peranan tentera Jepun dari tahun 1942 – 1945
• Peningkatan Pertubuhan Pekerja
• 1945 – 1948 Perkembangan puak Pelampau Komunis menjurus kepada
berkesatuan
• General Labour Union tertubuh
• Di-ikuti penubuhan PMGLU kemudian PMFTU Lewat tahun 1945 –
mogok besar-besaran oleh pekerja, bas, keretapi, ladang, lombong
dan pelabuhan – dianjurkan oleh GLU
• Tuntutan – mendapatkan lebih beras, pergerakan bebas barangan
makanan, pengecualian bil air dan api, juga menuntut kenaikan harga
getah dan timah
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MTUC
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sifat atau wadah perjuangan kesatuan PMGLU berubah
Mogok dan protes oleh pelbagai kaum
Perubahan dan perpaduan membimbangkan Kerajaan Penjajah
Usaha dijalankan untuk meletakan kesatuan dibawah kawalan kerajaan
Sistem Perhubungan Perindustrian teratur diujudkan
Menghormati Konvensyen ILO
Undang undang Selepas Perang – Ordinan Kesatuan sekerja 1940
akhirnya dilaksanakan di Malaya darei 1 Julai 1946
• Kesatuan Sekerja British dari Keretapi British dibawa masuk bertindak
sebagai Penasihat Kesatuan Sekerja
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MTUC
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• Pelaksanaan Ordinan Kesatuan Sekerja menjadikan pendaftaran
penubuhan kesatuan sekejra diwajibkan
• Ini adalah kaedah untuk menghapuskan kesatuan militan yang diketuai
oleh PMGLU Akta Kesatuan Sekerja pada masa kini tidak berubah
sejak dari kerajaan British memperkenalkan TUO 1940
• Larangan – Pembatasan – Campurtangan pihak Berkuasa
• 25 Ogos 1946 PMGLU ditukar dan dikenali sebagai PMFTU
• 1947 kerajaan dan majikan bergabung bertindak menentang
pentumbuhan kesatuan sekerja
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• Tahun 1947 sebanyak 300 mogok direkodkan
• Tindakan ganas dan kejam polis menentang mogok
• Di Kedah polis menembak untuk menyuraikan mogok dan mesyuarat
pekerja ladang mengakibatkan kecederaan, dipenjarakan dan kematian
• Gangguan, tindakan disiplin, penginayaan, pemecatan Pengelola
PMFTU dan pemimpin cawangan oleh pihak pengurusan dengan
dibantu oleh polis
• Penghakiman Willan yang memalukan pada Oktober 1947 menjalankan tindakan mogok boleh dipecat
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MTUC
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• 1948 MCP dan PMFTU diharamkan
• 16 Jun 1948 darurat di-istiharkan
• Peraturan Darurat memberi hak Polis untuk menyurai sebarang
perjumpaan dan perhimpunan 5 orang pekerja atau lebih
• Mogok kilat dianggap tidak sah
• Tekanan kuat terhadap mereka dikenal pasti bersama PMFTU
diteruskan
• Ramai diusir keluar negeri
• Dengan peristiharan Darurat, keahlian kesatuan jatuh dari 195,113
dalam tahun 1947 kepada 41,305 dalam tahun1949
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MTUC
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KESATUAN SEKERJA BARU
• Peningkatan “Mengawal dan Menyelia” Kesatuan dalam tahun 1947:
– Pekerja kerani, pekerja ladang, pekerja letrik, hospital, mekanik,
pekerja keretapi,pekerja jabatan kerja raya
• Jabatan Hal Ehwal Kesatuan Sekerja menyokong kesatuan sekerja
‘sederhana’ dalam usaha menghapuskan saki-baki PMFTU
• Kesatuan baru kecil, lemah dan dengan kuasa menawar terbatas
terhadap majikan
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MTUC
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KELAHIRAN MTUC
• 1949 Kerajaan Penjajah selepas perang mengalakkan penubuhan
kesatuan baru,Undang-Undang Darurat digunakan memerangi
Kesatuan Sekerja Militan dan Organisasi berfahaman Komunis,
bermula pertengahan tahun 1948 langkah diambil kearah penubuhan
Malayan Trade Union Council (MTUC)
• MTUC berperanan bertindak sebagai badan penyelaras kesatuan
sekerja dalam negara
• Membuat representasi kepada kerajaan, mengambil bahagian dalam
majlis penasihat, ahli lembaga dan suruhanjaya-suruhanjaya
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MTUC
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Perkembangan Awal 1950 – 1957
• Kesan dari Darurat dan Kawalan Ketat Kerajaan serta Perawakan
Pemimpin Kesatuan Sederhana mempamirkan kelemahan pergerakan
kesatuan yang mana merupakan jentera kepada kerajaan memerangi
fahaman kominis Pengujudan semula kesatuan sekerja militan
menjelang negara mencapai kemerdekaan dalam tahun 1957
• Pemimpin Kesatuan Sekerja terus menerus di-awasi
• Polisi Kerajaan – anti kesatuan sekerja berpolitik
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MTUC
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Tuntutan MTUC Tahun 1957
• Mendapatkan Hak dan menuntut Kebebasan tulin pekerja dan
kebajikan nya
• Menuntut memilik negarakan industri getah dan timah
• Pendidikan percuma untuk kanak-kanak dan dewasa
• Peruntukan perumahan bagi pekerja
• Pengenalan gaji minimum
• Cadangan penajaan penubuhan Parti Buruh
• Memprotes kenaikan yuran sekolah
• Memprotes campurtangan polis dalam pertikaian industri
• Membantah kuasa berlebihan kepada RTU
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MTUC
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MTUC dan Pertikaian Buruh 1957-1969
• Pertikaian Pekerja Keretapi – Pemimpin MTUC menegaskan perlunya
keharmonian perindustrian
• Pemimpin MTUC meegaskan supaya mengendalikan perhubungan
perindustrian teratur dan menyeru kepada pengunaan pengawalan
• Percubaan Kerajaan membentuk strategi dan mekanisma untuk
mengabungkan MTUC memimpin pergerakan kesatuan sekerja
• SOALAN JIKA ADA
• TERIMA KASIH
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MTUC
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• TERIMA KASIH
• SOALAN JIKA ADA