DEFENCE AND SPACE
THE DUAL-USE APPROACH
Col Stefano RIVOLA
SGD Uff CosmoSkyMed
TOPICS
 The dual-use concept
 Application of the dual-use concept:
 Earth observation (COSMO SKYMED)
 SATCOM
 ATM Sat Systems
 Conclusion
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THE CONCEPT OF DUALITY
 When we use the term duality (or dual use) we refer to the
simultaneous use of a single asset or capability (and related
technologies) both by military and civilian users.
 Italy succeded in applying dual-use concept to space systems
 Today we have two
implementing phase:
Systems already in service or in the
COSMO-SKYMED (Radar Earth Observation System)
ATHENA FIDUS (SATCOM - Access on THeatres and European
Nations
for Allied forces - )
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COSMO-SKYMED System
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Conditions for a dual system
• Different user needs lead to the identification
of a set of common/compatible requirements
(e.g. time schedule, performance, budget)
• Technology is a qualifying factor
• National/international
laws/regulations/agreements
• Organization/Program management
– Inter-Organization teamwork (e.g. Italian Space
Agency and Defence)
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From different needs to dual
(compatible) requirements
Mapping high level needs at users’ level
Dual Use technologies allow to offer unified solutions to civil and
military needs, granting the requirements of each component
Military Needs
• Priority requests handling
• Data confidentiality and NEO
• Classified imaging products
• Low data volumes
• High reliability
Military
Users
Dual
Users
Institutional
Customers
Civil
Users
(private and public
organizations, national and
international)
Commercial
Customers
(government departments
and agencies, scientific
community)
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Civil Needs
• Open access to system (via public
networks)
• Flexible information access
• Large data volumes
Common Needs
• Fast response for products availability
• Very urgent request management
• Quality of Service
• Reduced costs
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From different needs to dual
(compatible) requirements
Year
Cartography for final
user
Geology, Environment
Cartography (telecom,
utilities)
Agriculture, Forestry,
Marine/Coastal,
month
Cartography (cadastral)
Earth Observation
Applications:
compatible requirements
(revisit time and resolution)
for Environment Risk
Management and
Security/Defence
day
Environment Risk Management
Security / Defence
hour
Spatial resolution
high
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medium
low
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Security issues
• Security applies as follows to dual-use approach
• Protecting System Assets and information at
Defence standard level wherever necessary
• Ensuring service availability
• Allowing
flexibility
in
the
access
to
services/information
(essential
for
civilian
business).
• Security is a “constraining” requirement
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Security issues
• Specific security provisions are mainly relevant to the
following areas:
Security
Provisions
TECHNICAL
Provisions
implemented in HW e
SW functionalities
both in Space and
Ground Segment
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PHYSICAL
Provision relevant to the
physical implementation of
the G/S infrastructure, to
control the accessibility to
different environments,
functionalities, user
profiles, etc, and to
minimize sensitive data
unwanted release
PROCEDURES
Provisions relevant to
the operability of the
System implemented
through security
operational procedures,
security standards, user
clearance, etc.
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The Technology factor
Defence key elements
Civilian key elements
• High resolution
• Narrow field
• Low/Medium resolution
• Wide field
High
flexibility
COSMO-SkyMed – SAR system
The technology allows unified solutions to civil and military needs,
granting the fullfilment of the requests of each component
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The Technology factor:
Dual-Use Design Approach
TT&C
DATA DOWNLINK
REMOTE
STATIONS
SATELLITE
CONTROL
CENTER
MISSION
PLANNING
CENTER
COMMON DOMAIN
DEFENCE USER
GROUND
SEGMENT
DEFENCE
MAPS
DEFENCE
DOMAIN
DEFENCE
DOMAIN
DEFENCE USERS
THIS PRESENTATION
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Maggio 2011
IS UNCLASSIFIED
CIVILIAN USER
GROUND
SEGMENT
CIVILIAN
MAPS
CIVILIAN DOMAIN
CIVILIAN USERS
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Legislative and organizational aspects:
rules in the operational phase
• Both Civilian and Defense Users must follow specific
system-level rules which constrain the global
operational behavior in order to ensure a full system
resources utilization and provide the required level
of security and confidentiality.
• These rules are applied to each system partnership,
both in the Civilian and Defense domains, in the
frame of each authorized Partner specific agreement
and of the System Usage Quota which the Partner
has available.
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Lesson
Lesson learned
learned from
from dual
dual approach
approach
• After 4 years operational use of the system:
− Success of the Civilian-Defence synergy in terms of
costs, human resource and users needs satisfaction
− Best value for money
Cosmo-SkyMed Second Generation
The new Italian dual experience
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SATCOM - Athena Fidus
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Introduction
• Cooperation between France and Italy
French and Italian Governments defined a
cooperation
framework including the dual-use
broadband communication satellite program named
Athena FIDUS (= Access on Theatres and European
Nations for Allied forces – French Italian Dual Use
Satellite)
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Introduction
• Development of the Space segment
After a joint feasibility study and a competition
process process, ASI, CNES and Ministries of
Defense (MoD’s) awarded to a French-Italian
industrial team a contract for the definition and
development
of
a
dual-use
satellite
telecommunication system providing broadband
services
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The mission background – 1
The main objectives of the mission are the following:
 Provide communication services dedicated to Armed
Forces, complementary to military existing solutions
 Support Governmental services including Defence
 Use of civil standards and technologies in order to
reduce significantly the cost of in orbit bandwidth
versus current military or commercial solutions
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The mission background – 2
 Get reasonable space segment investment
cost
 Adopt low cost user terminal
 Allow services exploitation starting by 2013
 15 years lifetime
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The mission background – 3
Defence and Civil Protection have increased their
demand for “non-strategic” broad band connectivity
services in support of the operators involved in
peace-keeping and peace enforcing operations in
foreign theatres. This leads to implementation of
steerable spots easily re-pointable over the entire
visible hemisphere
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The space segment (coverage)
Mobile spot
(example)
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The mission background – 5
• Italian and French Governmental entities have
expressed specific and independent user needs leading
to:
 separate
 national
 secure
 proprietary
telecommunication links (with relative separate payloads,
communication ground segments and user terminals).
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Ground Control Segment
THE GROUND CONTROL SEGMENT IS DESIGNED TO:
• Operate and monitor the Satellite vehicle throughout its life cycle,
according to the needs expressed at Mission segment level.
It is composed of:
• the Satellite Control Centre
(SCC), housed by a main
operation centre
• the nominal TTC station
•a
part
of
the
ground
communication
network
conveying the data exchanged
between the above described
elements.
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Mission Segment
THE MISSION SEGMENT IS DESIGNED TO:
• Allow for a simultaneous and independent management of the French
and Italian missions and payloads
• Support operators in France and Italy
• Ease the operations and team working, by reducing and simplifying the
interfaces with the other segments.
It is composed of:
• Some Mission Control Centre (MCC)
• Some
Communication
System
Monitoring (CSM)
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Service Segment
THE SERVICE SEGMENT IS DESIGNED TO:
• Support the interface between the subscribers and the network operators by
collecting their needs and following up the services throughout their life cycles.
• Collect the information coming from different segments of the system.
The service segment aims at:
• analysing and refining the user’s needs
• managing the subscribers accounts
• providing some traffic data reporting
• managing the configuration
• managing the system anomalies
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Conclusions
Athena Fidus is an innovative system
based on geostationary satellite
 Services in a new governmental
frequency band and in civil band
 Civilian telecommunication standards
allowing high telecommunication
capacities on a small geostationary
satellite
 Technologies developed and qualified by
space agencies for civilian and
commercial applications
 A launch planned in 2013
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ATM Sat Systems
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
• European Air Traffic is expected to double by 2020
• Existing communication protocols and associated satellite
systems have been judged not suitable by EUROCONTROL
and FAA.
• Iridium and AMSS (Inmarsat, MTSAT) communication
systems do not provide sufficient bandwidth per aircraft
• They have not been designed to meet delay and availability
requirements of continental airspace where the air traffic is
dense
• Cost of user terminals/communications for airlines is high
• Iridium does not operate in a frequency band protected for
aeronautical safety communications
• There is no long-term (6+ years) guarantee on service
provision
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT)
• GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite System
In particular Galileo system
• SBAS – Satellite Based Augmentation System
In particular EGNOS
Telecommunication (SATCOM)
• ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract (current)
• SESAR, IRIS and Antares Programs (evolution)
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
PNT – GNSS, Galileo
• GALILEO belongs to PNT-GNSS like GPS (USA), GLONASS
(Russia) and BEIDOU (China);
• It is the result of the cooperation between European Union (EU)
and the European Space Agency (ESA); the aim is to achieve an
autonomous european capability;
• The system consists of three segments: Space Segment based on a
constellation of 30 satellites, Ground Segment including the
GALILEO Control Centres (GCC), the GALILEO Sensor
Stations (GSS), the Telemetry, Telecommand & Tracking Stations
(TT&C) and the Mission Up-link Stations (MUS), all connected
through the GALILEO Communications Network (GCN); User
Segment, composed by a variety of receiver terminals.
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
PNT – GNSS, Galileo
• GALILEO will provide services and data:
• OPEN SERVICE (OS): free of charge service for mass
application: all users can receive it without any authorisation;
• SAFETY of LIFE SERVICE (SoL): in addition to the OS service
SoL offers the integrity control of data. It is foreseen for special
application like maritime and air navigation, railway
transportation and will be used only by users with special certified
receivers;
• SEARCH and RESCUE (SAR): service with high accuracy to
detect emergency beacons and reduced transmission time for
alarms coming from everywhere on the earth;
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
PNT – GNSS, Galileo
• COMMERCIAL SERVICE (CS): for commercial use with better
performances than OS. CS is protected by an additional pair of
uncrypted signal using commercial type keys
• PUBLIC REGULATED SERVICE (PRS): this service is for
authorised governamental users only like police, civil protection,
border control and military users: These users need a service with
high reliability and availability.
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
PNT – GNSS, Galileo
• GALILEO is going to have a significant impact on Air Traffic
Management;
• Improved precision and reliability of GALILEO-PNT data will
grant a better positioning of the aircraft expecially during the
approach and landing;
• Dual receivers (GPS-GALILEO) or multi-constellation
receivers (including COMPASS and BEIDOU) will improve the
overall performances as well.
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
PNT – SBAS, EGNOS
EGNOS = European Geostationary Navigation Overlay
System
Satellite-based
augmentation
systems (SBAS), such as EGNOS,
complement
existing
global
navigation
satellite
systems.
SBAS compensate for certain
disadvantages of GNSS (GPS,
GALILEO, GLONASS) in terms of
accuracy, integrity, continuity and
availability.
EGNOS is the result of a tripartite agreement between ESA, the
European Commission and EUROCONTROL.
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
SATCOM – SESAR (comms evolution)
SESAR = Single European Sky Air traffic management
Research
The scope of this project is to develop technologies,
methods of organisation and industrial components
both on the ground and in the aircraft that are capable
of ensuring the safety and fluidity of air transport
worldwide in the next 30 years.
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Overview of Space Systems/Applications
supporting civil/defense aviation
SATCOM – SESAR (comms evolution)
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Conclusions
Development of new satellite systems cannot disregard the dualuse concept
Defence successfully experienced this concept with the Cosmo
Skymed system in the Earth Observation area
Defence is testing this concept in the international environment
with a military-civilian two-nations SATCOM system
In the area of PNT Systems and SATCOM supporting civil/military
aviation Defence is following the evolution of the most important
european initiatives (Galileo and SESAR)
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THANK YOU
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