Class and risk management
Shipping and the Law
Naples, 3 October 2013
Philippe BOISSON
Class and risk management
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The risk management philosophy
2.
Implementation of risk management methods
3.
New approach in the maritime safety regulatory regime
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4.
Classification and risk management approach
5.
Goal Based Standards and Common Structural Rules
6.
Classification rules for very large vessel
7.
Classification of ships/units in Arctic conditions
8.
Risk based design
9.
Consequences for the shipping community
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Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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The risk management philosophy
► Traditional way to produce safety
The three stages
regulations based on a deterministic
philosophy being called into questions
Identify
► New approaches to maritime safety with
risk-based rulemaking
Measure/
Evaluate
► Risk definition
► Risk management recognised as a part of
Action(s)
good management practise
Risk Management –
the two key questions
What is the chance of the risk
occuring ?
What are the consequences if
the risk does occur ?
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Implementation of risk management methods
► FSA: Formal Safety Assessment
► Applied in many sectors regarded as risk-
prone
► Offshore industry : the Safety Case



Origin : Piper Alpha accident (1988)
Norway and the UK both shifted from
prescriptive to goal‐setting regulation
Requires a Safety Case to make the case to
the regulator that the proposed installation and
its operation are safe
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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New approaches in the maritime safety regulatory regime:
Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
► Introduced in 1993 by UK at IMO
► Defined as “a rational and systematic
process for accessing the risk related
to maritime safety and the protection
of the marine environment and for
evaluating the costs and benefits of
IMO’s options for reducing these
risks”
► FSA Guidelines defined by IMO
► Applied to high-speed craft, oil
tankers (propulsion and emergency
steering devices), bulk carriers
(Double Side Skin)
► Series of problems raised by FSA
► Possible links between FSA and GBS
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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FSA: A five step risk based approach
Preparatory Step
Definition of Goals,
Systems, Operations
Hazard Identification
Step 1
Hazard Identification
Scenario definition
Cause and Frequency
Analysis
Consequence
Analysis
Step 2
Risk Assessment
Risk Summation
Options to
decrease
Frequencies
No
No
Risk
Controlled?
Options to
mitigate
Consequences
Step 3
Risk Control Options
Yes
Cost Benefit
Assessment
Reporting
Step 4 - Cost Benefit
Assessment
Step 5 - Recommendations
for Decision Making
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Classification and risk management approach
► Genesis of classification rules

State of the art of the naval architecture

Return of experience
► 3 factors have impacted new rules

Development of GBS

New technical challenges

Recognition of alternative design
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Goal Based Standards (GBS) and Common Structural Rules (CSR)
TIER I
Goals
TIER II
Functional
requirements
TIER III
Verification
criteria
TIER IV
Prescriptive Regulations &
Class Rules
TIER V
Applicable industry and
Code of Practice
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
8
Classification rules for very large vessel
► Mega containerships

New hydro structural issues in
design and verification processes

Springing and whipping phenomena

Slamming effect
► Very Large Ore Carriers


Procedure for directly calculating
fatigue assessment
Advanced calculations ensure that
all critical structures are adequately
designed to meet specified fatigue
and strength requirements
► Ultra Large Crude Carriers
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Classification of ships/units in Arctic conditions
The Northern Sea Route (NSR)
 NSR cargo transit is growing
 2012 : 46 transits (1.3 M tons)
 2021 : 40 M tons (est.)
NSR
6,920 nm (*)
 Bureau Veritas Artic initiatives
 Ice Class Rules and Notations
 IceSTAR Software Tool
 Direct Calculation of ice loads for a
Panamax bulk carrier
 Design considerations/studies of a LNG
carrier/FPU for operation in the Arctic
SCR
11,430 nm (*)
(*) = Hamburg - Shanghai
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Risk base substantiation alternative designs
► Risk analysis: a recognized means to
support design


well established in the offshore industry
when designs have to met specified safety
criteria set by an operator or a regulation
authority
► Ship design to be risk-based ?

SOLAS reg. II-2 /17 allows alternative designs
to be substantiated by a risk analysis for
passenger ships
► It provides flexibility in order to adapt safety
measures to novel designs in a reasonable
manner, as long as the proposed alternative
is demonstrated to be as safe as the
prescriptive solution.
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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Conclusion: consequences for the shipping community
► New duties for class societies



Integrates risk-based methods in
formulating new rules
Rules Implementation : risk-based
inspection
Class provider of risk services
► Shipowner to assume a greater
responsibility

Ships at a minimum level of safety

TMSA programme for tankers
► IMO : the future of maritime safety
Class & Risk Management _ Shipping and the Law, Naples, 3 October 2013
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