David Wodi Tukura PhD
Detective Commander and Director, Planning, Policy &
Statistics,
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
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“Of the foremost duties enjoined upon the State,
the foremost duty is to maintain public law and
order and preserve the rule of law. It is one of the
most important pillars of good governance as the
collapse of public order and the rule of law can
erode the faith of the citizens in their government
and erode its legitimacy. ICTs can play a pivotal
role in transforming the police force from being
an oppressive agency of the government to an
agency which first and foremost exists to protect
lives and the liberty of the common citizens”
ICTD Project Newsletter, 2007
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“Recently, rapid development in the
field of ICT have had a major influence
upon police work. ..For the police, ICT
plays a twofold role: New technologies
can support police work but also
provide
new
opportunities
for
offenders to commit crimes”
ICT Trends in European Policing 2011 Composite Project.
Instrumentalities of The State to Maintain Public Order
PREVENTION
Good
governance
effective laws
rigorous
implementation
of laws,
socioeconomic
development,
equity
GOOD
GOVERNMENT
Intelligence
Gathering
DETERRENCE
Preventive
Conflict
Resolution Measures
Investigation Prosecution Conviction Punishment
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
PRISONS
POLICE
INTELLIGENCE
SOURCE:IICTD Project Newsletter: October;
2007: 37
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Professional
Crime Prevention
Crime Detection
Law and Order Maintenance
Crowd Management
Riot Suppression
Traffic Management
Incident Response
Investigation
Crime/ Intelligence Analysis
Counter-Insurgency
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Support Services to Law Enforcement
Administration
Finance
Human Resources
Management Technology
Procurement
Research
Medical Services
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Lack of integrated information systems
Poorly collected and imputed data
Information Territoriality, i.e. lack of interagency information exchange regimes.
Poor integration of voice, radio and data
communications system.
Lack of timeliness of captured data.
Severe information security deficits and
leakages.
Poor in-house communication regimes
1. While law enforcement could be described as a generally conservative
enterprise, technological adaptation is not new to the Police and Security
Services. In fact, some of the devices in use today were used by the
military decades before the public was even aware of they existed.
 2. Below are some epoch making adaptations:
1850-1888
1.
Samuel Colt invents the multi-shot pistol. The weapon was adopted by
the Texas Rangers and police services worldwide.
2.
2. Sans Francisco adopts the use of photography for criminal
identification
3.
In Albany New York, the Police and Fire Departments adopt the use of
the telegraph in 1877.
4.
The Washington DC Precinct Police adopt the use of the telephone.
5.
Chicago become the first US city adopt Alphonse Bertillon’s
techniques for the measurement of the human body, first used in
anthropology, for the identification of criminals. The Bertillon method
was in use until the development of the finger print system.
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1901-1932
1.
Scotland Yard adopts fingerprint classification
devised by Sir Richard Henry.
2.
Edmund Locard setups the first police crime
laboratory in Lyon, France.
3.
The Pennsylvania State Police adopts the teletype.
4.
The Detroit Police begin use of the one-way radio.
5.
The Boston Police begin use of the two-way radio.
6.
The American Police begin widespread use of the
automobile.
7.
The proto-type of the polygraph test is developed.
8.
The FBI sets up its crime laboratory.
1948-1967
1.
Radar is introduced into traffic law enforcement.
2.
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences
(AAFS) is formed.
3.
The New Orleans Police Department installs an
electronic data processing machine- a vacuum tube
operated calculator with a punch card sorter and
collator to summarize arrests and warrants.
4.
The first computer assisted dispatching system is
installed in the St. Louise Police Department.
5.
The National Law Enforcement Telecommunications
System for message switching is established.
1967-1970s
1. The FBI establishes the National Crime
Information Center (NCIC)-the first national law
enforcement computing center.
2. AT&T creates 911 for emergency calls for
Police, Fire and emergency services.
3. The 1960s witnesses the invention of riot and
crowd management technologies-rubber &
plastic bullets; dart guns with tranquillizers;
batons with 6000 volt shocking power; strobe
lights that confuses persons engaged in
disorderly conduct; TASERS (uses electrical
currents to disrupt voluntary control of muscles
causing neuromuscular incapacitation).
1970s t0 Date
1.
Large scale computerization of US Police departments
begins.
2.
Computer Assisted Dispatch (CAD); Management
Information Systems; Centralized Call Collection;
Centralized & Integrated Dispatching of Police; Fire and
Medical Services.
3.
National Institute of Justice (NIJ) adopts Kevlar based
body armor.
4.
NIJ funds the Newton, Massachusetts Police Department
to assess the use of night vision equipment.
5.
Rockwell International install fingerprint reader at the FBI
in 1979.
6.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police implements first
automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS).
7. Introduction of enhanced 911 which allows dispatchers to see on
their computer screens the addresses and telephone numbers of
callers.
8. Introduction of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) as a non-lethal
instrument of riot control.
9. Police Departments in New York and Chicago start computer
programs to map and analyze crime patterns.
10. DNA evidence established by the National Academy of Science
(NAS) as reliable instrument for providing criminal evidence.
11. Improvements in crime scene investigation through the use of
lights.
12. Use of in car cameras to record events from a patrol car.
13. Use of photo enforcement systems which automatically
generate red light violations.
14. Graffiti cameras for taking photos of vandals.
Talking cameras which warn intruders.
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15. Thermal imaging for the location of suspects;
missing persons. Locating disturbed surfaces; indoor
marijuana growing operations; concealed bodies;
objects and scanning imprints not available to the
ordinary eye.
16. Criminal Investigation Records systems used in
criminal investigations for making sense out of
disparate data.
17. Lasers-laser spectroscopy devices can determine
the chemical composition of a substance within
seconds.
18. Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR)-this
technology enables officers to check thousands of
license plate numbers to determine if vehicles are
stolen, registered or if the drivers are wanted.
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19. Video sunglasses- these allow law enforcement
officers video whatever is in view. Could have a
memory of up to 32 gigabytes.
20. Wrist phones- allow the officer to transmit ongoing conversations via a GSM network without
raising suspicion.
Camera pens-allows the discrete generation of
footage.
21. CCTV- electronic surveillance that allows the
capturing of events in real time.
Credits: I wish to acknowledge the paper “Use of ICT
and Scientific Aids in Policing” by O.M. Oyeobu; First
Point Consulting Limited for the information of
Policing Technology; 20th October, 2010.
Anti-Terrorism Technology
1. Magnetometers
2. 2. X-rays
3. Continuous Wave Devices.
4. Pulse Field Detectors
5. Chemiluminescence (generation of electromagnetic
radiation as light by the release of energy from a chemical reaction))
6.
Backscattering Technology (the reflection of waves,
particles and signals back to the direction from they came)
7.
Computed Tomography( uses computed processed x-rays
to produce tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the
object of interest)
The Situation
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Security issues rank among the most pressing need of
Nigerians today.
Terrorism; armed robbery; organized crime; trafficking
in persons especially women and children; intercommunal and inter-ethnic violence impact negatively
on the lives of many Nigerians.
The proverbial “village” with its characteristic Acadian
innocence and tranquility can now be found only in
books, novels and Nollywood. The village is now the
war-camp of ethnic militia and kidnappers.
The families of Nigeria’s politicians and noveau rich
are now huddled in Abuja in the hope that there is
more security in the FCT than in their own ancestral
homes.
6. Open borders, the free flow of people, goods,
information and capital while being globalization
forces also provides opportunities for criminals.
7. In Nigeria, through globalized terrorism, a rag
tag movement of simple minded religious
fanatics, within a space of ten years developed
linkages that put to test the operational capacity
of the best equipped military in the West African
sub-region.
8. The area of economic and financial crimes which
I am more familiar, over 50% of our work is
connected with crimes using the internet of some
form of ICT technology.
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Policing and security are very complex activities
requiring the integration of multiple data sources.
The nature of law enforcement and security
information is such that errors in storage and
transmission could have devastating consequences.
There is only one way out: The Law enforcement and
security communities must START THINKING
STRATEGICALLY!
The era of the lone ranging police Department or
clandestine 007 spy belongs only to the movies.
Criminals have become strategic thinkers!
The leadership of the law enforcement and security
organs MUST adopt strategic thinking if they are
succeed in the 21st Century
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“Today, Five years after 9/11, Law enforcement is no
much further ahead in its ability to connect the dots
than it was in the year 2000. Many efforts are
underway to standardize law enforcement
information, provide the infrastructure for wide
spread sharing of information, enact legislation to
permit information sharing and warehouse data and
deploy technologies such as data mining, link analysis
and other analytic techniques”
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Source: Charles Hill, Thomas Cowper and Andreas Olligshlaeger
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“Our criminals and terrorist adversaries are already
beginning to understands the advantages of network
centric models over traditional hierarchical “
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Source: Charles Hill, Thomas Cowper and Andreas Olligshlaeger
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1. There is the need to develop software that
would promote INTERGRATED DATA BASES AND
SYSTEMS across law enforcement agencies;
security departments; the armed forces,
regulatory bodies and the entire criminal justice
system.
2. New interfaces between systems must be
developed in such a way that previously unrelated
information can be combined and used to support
INTELLIGENCE LED POLICING.
3. Professional bodies like ISPON must take up
the challenge of developing the infrastructure of
collaboration and integration.
Source: David Tukura: Re-Tooling Law
Enforcement; ISPON Paper; Calabar; 2013
Such software will enable the following:
 1. Automation of internal law enforcement processes
and communication. You will be surprised that even in
the law enforcement and security professions, internal
breakdown in communication is common.
2. Automation of inter-agency communication. Such
software should enable law enforcement; security;
regulatory; judicial and penal systems communicate
automatically with minimal human interference.
3. Software should also enable expert analytical usage.
The system should have residual capacity to empower
research, good internal administration; organizational
support; planning and crime prevention.
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. Such software should also enable law enforcement and
security agency interface with the public.
The agencies should have ICT resources that would empower
citizens information sharing with the agencies through lodging
of complaints on human rights violations.
5. Such software should enable real-time intelligence
gathering. The nature of cyber criminality; terrorism, money
laundering and trans-border crimes some time requires that
law enforcement agencies have “real-time” information and
intelligence. This way, sensors; electronic and human
surveillance systems can directly interface central
intelligence stations.
Such software would make the
policeman as mobile and versatile as the criminal.
6. This presentation cannot be complete without the mention
of biometrics. The dearth of biometric data systems in Nigeria
has put criminals well ahead of law enforcement and security.
This is an area where ISPON can make tangible contributions
to making Nigeria secure and safe.
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Thank You!!!!