Modern Trends in Electronic System Design
(Introduction)
Dr. Wajiha Shah
Professor
Lecture – 01
Outline
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Introduction
System design
Discrete devices
Integrated circuits
Amplifiers
Filters
Signal generators
A/D data converter
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Sensors and Actuators
Combinational Logic design
Advance trends in electronics System Design
Introduction
 Electronics is the branch of science and technology which makes use
of the controlled motion of electrons through different media and
vacuum.
 Most electronic devices today use semiconductor components to
perform electron control.
 The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is
considered a branch of physics, whereas the design and construction of
electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics
engineering
 Two types of electronics circuits
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Analog circuits
Digital circuits
System Design
 Design is process of describing, organizing, and structuring system
components at architectural design level and detailed design level
 Focused on preparing for construction
 Like developing plan
 Three questions
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What components require systems design?
What are inputs to and outputs of design process?
How is systems design done?
Contd…
Quantitative Concepts
 Circuit quantities and component values have extreme ranges in
electronic circuits.
 It is not uncommon to have values such as 1,200,000,000 Hz and
0.00000000047 F in the same circuit.
 For this reason, metric prefixes and engineering notation are used to
simplify communications and computations.
Technical Notation
 Engineering
Notation is a
technique for expressing very
large and very small numbers in
an easy to understand and
interpret form.
 Engineering
is based upon
powers of ten, examples of
which are shown in the table at
right.
Power of
Ten
Value
Equivalent
10-3
.001
1/10x10x
10
10-2
.01
1/10x10
10-1
.1
1/10
100
1
1
101
10
10
102
100
10x10
103
1000
10x10x10
Powers of Ten and Metric Expressions
Powers of Ten
Prefix
Symbol
Magnitude
10-15
femto
f
One-quadrillionth
10-12
pico
p
One-trillionth
10-9
nano
n
One-billionth
10-6
micro
µ
One-millionth
10-3
milli
m
One-thousandth
10-2
centi
c
One-hundredth
100
none
none
none
103
kilo
k
thousand
106
mega
M
million
109
giga
G
billion
1012
tera
T
trillion
Design of Electronic System using
Discrete Devices
 Typical electronic components which are used to design a electronic
system include:
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Diode
 Transistors
Resistors
 Resistors are fundamental components in electronic circuits.
 A resistor is constructed to have a specific amount of resistance to
current flow.
 The range of resistors may be from less than one ohm to well over 20
million ohms.
 Fixed resistors have a single value of resistance, but variable resistors
can provide different values of resistance.
Resistor Technology
 There are four major classes of fixed resistor technology
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Carbon-composition
Film resistors
Wirewound resistors
Surface-mount technology
Contd…
Carbon-composition
Film resistors
Contd…
Wirewound resistors
Surface-mount technology
Variable Resistors
 Sometimes it is desirable to change the value of a resistor installed in a
circuit.
 The resistance of a variable resistance is controlled by turning a knob,
rotating a screw, or moving a slider.
 Two major classes of variable resistors are:
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Rheostats
Potentiometers
Resistor Symbols
Capacitors
 A capacitor is a basic electronic component that stores electrical
energy in the form of an electrostatic charge.
 The operation of nearly every electronic system depends upon
capacitors.
Inductors
 An inductor is also a fundamental electronic component,
sometimes referred to as a coil.
 It consists of a spiraled or coiled wire.
 The inductor stores electrical energy in the form of an
electromagnetic field.
Transformers
 A transformer is basically two or more coils whose electromagnetic
fields interact.
 Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages.
Transistors and Diodes
 Transistors and Diodes are solid-state
devices or semiconductors.
 They are used in many electronic
devices,
including
amplifiers,
computers, and industrial controls.
 Diodes are used to alter information
signals, convert AC current into DC
current, and as protective devices and
switches.
Integrated circuits
 Integrated circuits (ICs) are, much as their name would suggest, small
circuits integrated into a plastic "chip." They provide a handy source of
rich functionality in a tiny package.
 Digital Integrated Circuits
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TTL -- Transistor / Transistor Logic
CMOS -- Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon
 Analog Integrated Circuits
 Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits
Amplifiers
 An amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes, usually
increases, the amplitude of a signal.
 Linear amplifier
 Non linear amplifier
 A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional
to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a load.
 A non linear amplifier is an electronic circuit in which a change in
input does not produce a proportional change in.
Filters
 Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal
processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency
components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both.
 Active filter
 Passive filter
 An active filter is a type of analog electronic filter, distinguished by
the use of one or more active components
 A passive filter is based on combinations of resisters, inductors and
capacitors.
Signal Generator
 A signal generator, also known variously as function generator,
pitch generator, arbitrary waveform generator, digital pattern
generator or frequency generator is an electronic device that
generates repeating or non-repeating electronic signals (in either the
analog or digital domains
A/D Converter
 An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is
a device that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete digital
number. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog
converter (DAC).
Sensors and Actuators
 A sensor is any device, such as a thermometer, that detects a physical
condition in the world.
 Actuators are devices, such as valves and switches, that perform
actions such as turning things on or off or making adjustments in an
operational system.
Combinational Logic Design
Combinational logic design process
 Create truth table from specification
 Generate K-maps and obtain logic equations
 Draw logic diagrams
 Simulate circuit for design verification
 Circuit optimization for the area or/and performance
 Re-simulate and verify optimized design
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
 A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated (IC, or
microchip).
Contd…
 A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a
small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals
Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) , is the use of
computer technology for the process of design and designdocumentation.
Example 2D CAD drawing
Advance trends in electronics System
Design
 Optoelectronic devices
 Chemically Self-assembled Nanoelectronic Computing Networks
 Carbon nanotubes
 Nanotube-based Nano devices
 Multiplier and Harmonic generator
Thanks