India under British rule
EIC and British raj
1. EIC ruled through “company men”
2. EIC Captured Bengal in 1757
3. Attempted to make it a British model (administrative,
social, economic) but like Mughals, be sensitive of
customs
4. Gave “free reign” to Christian missionaries
5. Military control through Sepoys (hired Indian troops)
6. Private ownership of land
7. Created many new jobs (opium, tea) but textiles died
8. Sepoy Rebellion 1857-8. Causes?
Political Reform and Industrial Impact
1. Mughal reign abolished, British gov’t takes over (EIC
out)
2. Maintained Indian Princes in luxury
3. Indian Civil Service controlled Indian masses.
– Entrance exam but whites got all high positions
4. British government invested billions of pounds for
harbors, cities, irrigation canals, public works
5. Imported British manufactured goods, exported
cotton, silk, opium, tea, sugar
6. RAILROADS: 99% Indian workers
– Business, pilgrimage, work
– cholera
• the British Raj, as the British governing body was known after
1857, had instituted a widespread series of mercantilist
economic rules intended to foster a favourable balance of trade
for Britain relative to the Subcontinent as well as other
colonies, which had a dramatic impact on the economic milieu
within India. Because of these effects and the Raj's role as the
supreme governing body within India, contemporary scholars
such as Romesh Dutt in 1900—who had himself witnessed the
famines first-hand—and present-day scholars such as Amartya
Sen agree, that the famines were a product both of uneven
rainfall and British economic and administrative policies.
• “I did nothing for two months. Before that time the monsoon
had closed the ports of Orissa—help was impossible—and—it
is said—a million people died. The Governments of India and
Bengal had taken in effect no precautions whatever.… I never
could feel that I was free from all blame for the result. “ Lord
Salisbury, Sec. of State for India 1866
• "Let the British public foot the bill for its 'cheap sentiment,' if
it wished to save life at a cost that would bankrupt India,"
substantively ordering "there is to be no interference of any
kind on the part of Government with the object of reducing
the price of food," and instructing district officers to
"discourage relief works in every possible way.... Mere distress
is not a sufficient reason for opening a relief work.“ Lord
Lyton, Viceroy of India 1877
• 1800-1825: 1 million Indians died of famine
• 1850-1875: 2.5 millions died in Orissa famine of 1866, Rajputana famine of
1869; due to a generous relief effort, however, there was no mortality in
the Bihar famine of 1873–74.
• 1875-1902: 7–8 million Indians died of famine (Great Famine of 1876–78
5.25 millions)
Nationalism
1. Pan-Indian nationalism- sought to look beyond
regional or religious difference to unify for selfdetermination
2. Rammouhan Roy blended Indian beliefs/culture w/
Western reforms (outlaw sati)
3. Western values and nationalism to transcend
regional differences
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British railroads and communication helped connect India
Unified British rule helped form an idea of ONE INDIA
4. Indian National Congress 1885 promoted national
unity and greater Indian inclusion in ICS
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All India Services
Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Indian Police Service (IPS)
Indian Forest Service (IFoS)
Central Civil Services - Group "A"
Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Indian Postal Service
Central Information Service
Defence Lands and Cantonment Service
Indian Civil Accounts Servcie (ICAS)
Central Secretariat Service
Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers
Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers
Indian Railway Service of Engineers
Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers
Indian Railway Stores Service
Indian Telecommunication Service
Indian Revenue Service (IRS) - Income Tax
Indian Revenue Service (IRS) - Customs & Central Excise
Indian Audits & Accounts Service (IA&AS)
Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)
Indian Defence Estate Service (IDES)
Indian Economic Service(IES)
Indian Ordnance Factory Services (IOFS)
Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS)
Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS)
Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS)
Indian Information Service (IIS)
Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS)
Indian Naval Armament Service
Indian Supply Service
Indian Inspection Service
Indian Salt Service
Indian Broadcasting(Engs) Service
Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service
Indian Economic Service
Indian Statistical Service
Indian Cost Accounts Service
Indian Defence Service of Engineers
Indian Broadcasting(Programme) Service
Central Power Engineering Service
Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service
Central Water Engineering Service(Civil)
Central Water Engineering Service(Mechanical)
Central Engineering Service
Central Engineering Service(Roads)
Central Health Service
Central Legal Service
Central Labour Service
Central Trade Service
Defence Quality Assurance Service
Defence Research & Development Service
Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service
Military Engineering Service
Military Engineers Service of Architects
Military Engineers Service of Surveyors