The EMC Directive
2004/108/EC
By
Ken DeVore
Director, F-Squared Laboratories
Maryland
Ohio
25AUG10kd
North Carolina
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Presentation
Outline
• Brief overview of Electromagnetic Interference
and Electromagnetic Compatibility
• EMC Directive
• Apparatus and Fixed Installations
• Examples of EMC Test Methods
• What information is needed for a quote
The Choices You Make
Now
Can Provide for a
Successful Evaluation
 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Electrical / Electronic equipment
malfunctions due to Electromagnetic
Disturbances
 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
An electrical system or product's ability to
operate without causing EMI that would
interfere with other equipment (Emissions)
and without being affected by EMI from other
equipment or the environment (Immunity)
Methods of
Coupling
The coupling between systems is a physical phenomena
Limits and levels in standards are expressed in terms of these
Phenomena
There are 5 basic modes of coupling
• Electrostatic
• Capacitive
• Inductive
• Conductive
• Electric (E) and magnetic (H) radiation fields
Phenomena
Defined
“any state or process known
through the senses rather than by
intuition or reasoning”
BASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Are
Everywhere
They are NORMAL
There are two paths

Radiated
(Airborne)
&
Conducted on Wires

There are
Exemptions
Note – exemptions mean there is
redirection for EMC compatibility
 Equipment covered by Directive
1999/5/EC on Radio and
telecommunications terminal
equipment (R&TTE)
 Certain Aeronautical products as
referred to in EC regulation No1592/2002
 Radio equipment used by radio amateurs
 Benign equipment
2004/108/EC
Directive – What Changed?
• Clarification of scope and some definitions
• Definition of compliance methods – DoC
• Elimination of mandatory NB/CB examinations
• Requirement for unique product identification
• Clear treatment of fixed installations and their
compliance obligations
The Scope of the
New Directive
APPARATUS
Any
finished product
or
combination thereof
FIXED INSTALATIONS
A particular combination
of apparatus used
permanently at
pre-defined locations
Fixed Installation shall be installed
applying good EMC engineering practices
Give Consideration to - - RF Emissions and Immunity
Line Emissions and Immunity
and Transients
By using good - - Segregation
Shielding
Filtering
Grounding & Bonding
THIS INCLUDES
MOBILE
INSTALLATIONS
Mobile installations are defined
as a combination of apparati
intended to be moved and operated in
a range of locations are deemed
to be apparatus.
All provisions of the EMC Directive, as defined for
apparatus, apply to mobile installations.
FIXED INSTALLATIONS
The strategy is to manage and control EMC to
ensure the safe and reliable operation of the
Fixed Installation Project.
Functional Safety consideration of EMC issues
and the impact these may have on the safe operation
of the equipment and neighboring environment.
Functional Operation consideration
The operation of the products and co-located
equipment and systems may not be guaranteed by
solely complying with EMC regulations or test standards
MEET THE EMC ESSENTIAL
REQUIREMENTS
Equipment shall be designed and manufactured to
ensure that:
1. That the disturbance generated does not exceed
the level above in which radio and
telecommunications equipment or other equipment
cannot operate as intended……and
2. It has a level of immunity to the disturbances
to be expected in its intended use which allows
it to operate without unacceptable degradation
of its intended use
An EMC
Technical Assessment
Consists of - - -
•
•
•
•
•
•
Description of product Component selection
Description of environment Shielding, filtering, cables etc
Specific precautions
Performance criteria
EMC test data and reports
Design considerations and Technical Rationales
Develop an
EMC Plan for Success
• Describe the project including systems and equipment
• Define the technical description
• What are the project EMC requirements?
• What are the project roles and responsibilities
• Provide for EMC Testing
• EMC Design Studies/PreScan EMC Testing
• EMC Maintenance requirements
• Don’t forget about your key subcontractors
Perform a
Gap Analysis
Where you think you are….where you need to be
An EMC gap analysis design study will need to be
performed to gather the EMC compliance status of
equipment in terms of Declarations of Conformity,
EN standards and if possible test reports.
EMC testing of individual suppliers’ equipment may be
required where inadequate EMC performance is
identified through the EMC gap analysis.
This is your mind
about now……
Lets try to bring this all together to make sense
Typical EMC
Test Standards
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Radiated Emissions – CISPR 11 or CISPR 22
Conducted Emissions – CISPR 11 or CISPR 22
Harmonic Emissions – EN 61000-3-2
Flicker – EN 61000-3-3
Electrostatic Discharge – EN 61000-4-2
Radiated Immunity – EN 61000-4-3
Electrically Fast Transient Immunity – EN 61000-4-4
Surge Immunity – EN 61000-4-5
Conducted Immunity – EN 61000-4-6
Magnetic Immunity - EN 61000-4-8
Voltage dips/interrupts – EN61000-4-11
Electrical Ports
Inputs/Outputs
Testing - Guidance
Port Identity
Input AC Power
Output AC Power
3m and less
Conducted Im.
EFT Im.
Surge Im.
Dips/Interrupts Im.
Conducted Im.
EFT Im.
Surge Im.
Input and Output DC Conducted Im.
Power
Signal I/O
Functional Earth
Conducted Im.
Cable length 1 meter = 3.2808399 feet
>3m (9.8 ft.)
>10m (32.8 ft.)
Conducted Im
EFT Im.
Surge Im. (EN61326)
Conducted Im.
EFT Im.
Conducted Im,
EFT Im.
>30m (98.4 ft.)
Conducted Im.
EFT Im.
Surge Im.
Conducted Im.
EFT Im.
Surge Im.
RADIATED
EMISSIONS
Intentional Radiators are subject to rules (FCC,
RTTE, etc) for preventing interference and maximizing
the available spectrum
All other electrical products are non-intentional
Radiators, such as electrical circuits, are not designed
to generate RF energy, but do. As a result, they could
interfere with other devices
Radiated
Emissions
Verifies that the product's
EM emissions do not
exceed a level that will
interfere with the
operation of other
electrical devices in the
operating environment
in which the equipment will
be installed or utilized
Radiated Emissions
Simulation
Performed
At a
Defined
Level in
V/m
Evaluation of
Radiated Emissions at Your
Location –
Clearance Requirements
Radiated Emissions
Design Tips
 Use shielded cabling
 Is your enclosure shielded
 Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
 Use ferrites on cabling if needed
 Make sure the connectors are grounded
the port properly
 Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
 Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted
Emissions
This is energy that is transmitted
from an electrical device through
the power cord and back into the
electrical system
Conducted Emissions
Simulation
Signal monitoring
Signal
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device
Conducted Emissions
Design Tips
 Are you using shielded cabling
 Is your enclosure shielded
 Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
 Use ferrites on cabling if needed
 Make sure the connectors are grounded
the port properly
 Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
 Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Harmonic
Emissions
Harmonics is a distortion
of a normal sine wave. When a
product produces distortion it
does this at multiples of the power
line frequency are generated.
Harmonic Emissions
Simulation
Signal monitoring
Signal
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions
Design Tips
 Use power factor correction circuits
 The current and voltage wave forms
need to be sinusoidal
Flicker
Emissions
The term “flicker” applies to
uncontrolled intermittent
Emissions. It is also known
as surge emission.
ie: light flicker
Flicker Emission
Simulation
Current monitoring
Current
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions
Design Tips
 Use pre-approved power supplies
ESD
Immunity

Electrostatic Discharges are
applied to all relevant points
while the apparatus is in
operation. These are applied
either by air and by contact
ESD Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Electro-static discharge





ESD Immunity
Design Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common
ground plane
Make sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire
Ground and is used
 If a plastic enclosure, consider conductive
coatings or another sort of shielding
 With keyboards consider using a
“back-plane” ground sheet
Radiated
Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source
and power levels to generate field levels
over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated
Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Radiated Immunity
Design Tips
 Are you using shielded cabling
 Is your enclosure shielded
 Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
 Use ferrites on cabling if needed
 Make sure the connectors are grounded
properly
 Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
 Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
EFT
(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstrate
the equipment’s resistance to line
transients through the connecting
leads simulating relay and
contact bounce
EFT Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Signal injection
Controlled
Signal
Source
EFT Immunity
Design Tips
 Make sure the enclosure has a
common ground plane
 Does your unit have a power
line filter
 Are there transient suppression
components employed on the PCBA
 Use shielded cables
 Employ multi-layer PCBs
 Use shielded cables
Surge
Immunity
This tests the equipment’s level of
resistance or immunity to surges
caused by over voltages from
switching and lightning transients
Surge Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Pulse injection
Controlled
Pulse
Source



Surge Immunity
Design Tips
 Use pre-approved power supplies
 Are there surge suppressors installed
Conducted
Immunity
Evaluates the product’s ability to resist
electrical signals that may be generated
by the switching of inductive loads or
contactors
Conducted Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Signal injection
Controlled
Signal
Source
Conducted Immunity
Design Tips
 Are you using shielded cabling
 Is your enclosure shielded
 Are there I/O line filters
 Use ferrites on cabling if needed
 Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
 Are you using a power line filter
Magnetic Field
Immunity
Evaluates the product’s ability to resist
Magnetic Fields that may be present
In the product’s installation
Magnetic Field Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
EM Field Exposure
Controlled
Signal
Source
Magnetic Field Immunity
Design Tips
 Are you using shielded cabling
 Is your enclosure shielded
 Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
 Use ferrites on cabling if needed
 Make sure the connectors are grounded
properly
 Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
 Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Voltage Dips &
Interrupts
Immunity
Simulates voltage variations,
and interruptions caused by
short circuits or rapid changes
in power. This may cause a sudden
and extreme increase in current and a
reduction in voltage
Voltage Dips/interrupts Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Voltage injection
Controlled
Voltage
Source
Voltage Dips/interrupts
Immunity
Design Tips
 Use pre-approved power supplies
Have you Noticed
Commonality in
EMC Design Tips?
 Shielded cabling
 Grounding
 Filtering where necessary
 Good workmanship practices
 Using approved power supplies
You may find the need to
define additional requirements
that could include:
• Addressing special cases unique to the environment
• Addressing limitations with the standards
• Ensuring installed systems and not just the individual
equipment are EMC compliant
• EMC must also be maintained during installation
and maintenance
DOC
Annex IV
of the EMC
Directive
The EC declaration of conformity must contain:
– A reference to the applicable directive
– Identification to the apparatus
– Name and address of manufacturer and
authorized Community representative if
applicable
– Dated reference to the specifications to which
conformity is declared
– Date of the declaration
– Identity and signature of person empowered
to bind the company
What are the Basics
For an RFQ?
 Identify the countries you wish to place the product
 Draw a simple block diagram
Courtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
I/O out to Actuator (15m)
48VDC Motor Power (10m)
120psi air input
Device
Or System
For
Evaluation
220VAC/50Hz/5A
I/O in from PC (3m)
 List all electrical inputs & outputs and identify if they are
power or I/O
 Provide the maximum lengths for each input & output cable
 Identify any fluid, gas or air requirements and pressures
Ken DeVore
kdevore@f2labs.com
704-918-4609 or 440-832-0775
Thank You!
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