Prirodna kolebanja/cikličnost?
BRGM (2005)
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Znanstveno dokazano (Izvještaj IPCC 2007)
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BRGM (2005)
IEA (2004)
IPCC
(2005)
Proizvodnja nafte ili plina
Utiskivanje CO2
Mogućnosti za geološko skladištenje CO2
1. Iscrpljena naftna i plinska ležišta
2. Korištenje CO2 za EOR
3. Duboki slani vodonosnici
4. Duboki slojevi ugljena
5. Korištenje CO2 za ECBM
6. Druge mogućnosti
Uskladišteni CO2
IPCC (2005)
Izvor: IPCC
Izvor:
IPCC
Veliki kapacitet Velika šupljikavost, velika ležišta
uskladištenja
Učinkovito utiskivanje Visoka propusnost
Nizak geoterm. gradijent i visoki tlak
Sigurno uskladištenje Odgovarajuća izolacija
Geološka i hidrodinamička stabilnost
Niski troškovi Infrastruktura, udaljenost
Mogućnosti uskladištenja
Duboki slani vodonosnici
Iscrpljena naftna i plinska ležišta
Kapacitet (Gt CO2)
1 000 ... 10 000
675 ... 900* (+25%)
Slojevi ugljena
3-15 ... 200
Emisije CO2 u svijetu
25 Gt/god
Izvor: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage
IEA (2004)
Napušteno
polje B
Geosekvestracija
polje A
Morsko dno
Morske struje
Nakupljanje pri dnu mora
Migracija
Rizici
geološkog
skladištenja
Pliće “ležište”
Difuzija
Istjecanje na
površinu
Plinska
faza
Čep
Napuštena
bušotina
Pukotina
(porast
tlaka)
Difuzija i tok
Difuzija
Skladište
Difuzija
P, T
Pokrovne stijene
za naftu, ali
ne i za CO2
Šejl
Tok podzemne vode
Disperzija
u otopini
Šejl
Sigurno (i prihvatljivo)?
Geološko skladištenje mora biti sigurno
Zabrinutost društva proizlazi iz usporedbe s odlaganjem
toksičnog i radioaktivnog otpada
Educiranje i informiranje moraju se ubrzati u svrhu podizanja
razine javne i političke svijesti o konceptu hvatanja i
uskladištenja CO2 … na vrijeme!
Namjena prostora (vodonosnici, zaštićena područja...)
Tko će pokriti dodatne troškove?
Druge mogućnosti – porast energetske učinkovitosti,
obnovljivi izvori... nuklearna energija
EU GeoCapacity (FP6)
Aquifers
I
Highly efficient coal-fired power block:
47% efficiency, 411 MW e
Post-combustion capture
1.8 million tonnes of CO2 per annum
’Nordjyllandsværket’ by the city of Aalborg
Cross-section through the Vedsted geological structure
Storage must be at least
700 meters deep to ensure
CO2 to be in supercritical
state
CO2 in fluid form is pumped
into the well
Vedsted-1,
Oil exploration well from 1958
Haldager-1,
Oil exploration well from 1950
CO2 is stored in porous
Sandstones covered by
thick sections of
impermeable claystones
- 1 km
Porous
sandstone
- 2 km
- 3 km
Cross section courtecy of GEUS
The storage
structure
CHALLENGES 1 (SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)
Integration of CCS and power plant and integration of transport &
storage with plant operations
Storage site investigations and monitoring with less invasive
methods
Improved understanding of long-term prediction of geochemical
and fluid dynamic effects
Pore-scale behaviour of CO2
Combining storage with other activities (water production, EOR,
EGR)
CHALLENGES 2 - SOCIETY
Financing the first demo plants & reducing first-mover risk
Building political concensus on CCS: global-EU-nationallocal
Including CCS in national policy measures
Linking national need for CCS to actual local activity
- public dialogue
- risks and rewards
ECCO
European value chain for CO2
 Co-funded by the
 Grant Agreement No:
 Project duration:
 Budget:
 EU contribution:
 Co-ordinator:
European Commission (FP7)
218868
2008-2011 (36 months)
5,5 million €
3,8 million €
SINTEF Energiforskning AS, Norway
21
To facilitate robust strategic decision making regarding early and future
implementation of CO2 value chains for Europe in the face of uncertainty.
The project will provide recommendations enabling cost-effective use of the CO2
being produced from zeroemission power plants and other industries in Europe.
Recommendations are based on;
1. Initial scenario studies performed for Europe, setting the scene for how the
development will proceed towards 2020, including evaluation of technology
development, emission trading schemes, regulations, national and international
incentives, industrial projects being realized and economical viability of CO2
value chains.
2. The development of a computer tool for evaluation of large-scale CO2 value
chains with the possibility of multiple sources and sinks, and development of a
large-scale infrastructure for CO2 transport.
3. Output from the scenario studies forms the basis for the tool development.
4. Evaluation of specific challenges related to CO2 injection, both onshore and
offshore, depending on reservoir characteristics and the needed processing
systems (particularly offshore).
5. Case studies performed, using the computer tool, for evaluation of specific CO2
value chains, using the parameters developed through the scenario studies and in
the end evaluates the influence of the different parameters.
6. Identification of the major obstacles that can be addressed and handled with the
aim to make future realization of CO2 value chains viable.
The main users of ECCO-results will be:
CO2 producers
– seeking opportunities for improving economy of their system.
The European Commission (EC) and other supranational bodies
– developing regulations and incentives.
National authorities
– who have the Kyoto and ETS obligations to meet, and seeks ways to organize the
national systems in line with EC regulations and industrial interests.
CO2 transporters and sellers
– who have a potential new stream to handle safely and seek optimal infrastructure
development; and are affected by market development.
CO2 storage operators
– who need to be assured they have a large enough flow of CO2 over the required
time, and are dependent on long-term perspective with respect to constraints as
regulations and incentives.
R&D providers and universities
– to be in a better position to serve the industry and authorities by exploiting the
platform of knowledge, tools, and methods generated in the project.
Oil and gas industry
- the increased knowledge of enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR and EGR)
potentials and challenges provided by ECCO might provide the basis for further
industrial activities in this front.
ECCO
European value chain for CO2
General Assembly
All partners
EC
Control
Executive Board
7 members incl. Chairman + Co-ordinator
Overall Project Responsibility
Major decisions
ICG members
Observers
Ad-hoc Committee
As required
SP0 Project management and co-ordination
Project Management Team
Project
ordinator
ProjectMgr.+CoCo-ordinator
Administrative
support
Administrative
support
Project
lead
legal,
financial,
adm.
staff
Assisted
byoperation
the Projectand
manager
legal,
financial,
adm.
staff
Administrative work
Executive project management
Administrative work
Sub- project 1
SP+WP
Leaders
R&D work
Sub- project 2
SP+WP
Leaders
R&D work
Sub- project 3
SP+WP
Leaders
R&D work
Sub- project 4
SP+WP
Leaders
R&D work
Dissemination and training - SP1
Provide a platform for dissemination of the developments in ECCO. This will include hosting and
arranging official dissemination events and training activities. SP1 also aims at enhancing the public
awareness regarding the implementation of CCS.
CCS analysis and recommendations - SP2
Analyse the output from the simulation of case studies and make recommendations for the
development and deployment of CO2 value chains using early opportunities across Europe. SP2 has
three main goals:
1. To recommend promising CO2 value chains as case studies for deeper evaluation in SP3
2. To make overall recommendations for the development and deployment of CO 2 value chains
based on the interpretation of the outcome of the case studies
3. To propose a methodology that can be used by all interested sectors for assessing the worthiness
of commercially promising value chain proposals
CO2 value chain methodology and tool development - SP3
Develop a generic tool for the economic analysis of CO2 value chains. The tool will be designed in a
way that will allow flexible, demand-driven tailoring to the applicable market dynamics and
incorporate the possibility to model infrastructural, regional dependencies between assets that are
gradually and increasingly networked.
Reservoir technology for EOR/EGR - SP4
Three main objectives:
1. To quantify the potential for enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR/EGR) and CO 2 storage in
European petroleum reservoirs
2. To evaluate technological challenges and identify improvements to existing EOR/EGR
technology, including CO2 injection and handling of CO2 produced after breakthrough
3. To show how aquifers can be integrated into a CO2 deposition system