Document No:
GSC16-GRSC9-22
Source:
Radio Aspects of EAS Task Force
Contact:
Jacques Hulshof
GSC Session:
GRSC-9
Agenda Item:
7.3
Radio Aspects of
Electronic Article Surveillance
(EAS) Task Force
Convenor: Jacques Hulshof
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The heart of the system: the tag
• It contains a resonant circuit, consisting of an air coiled loop and a capacitor.
• The tag is attached to an article prior to being put on sale (PoS).
• It can be either a hard tag or a paper tag.
• At PoS hard tags are removed by a strong magnet called detacher.
• The paper tags are destroyed by means of a so called deactivator. It uses
the principle of a pulse listen system. The system scans over the band, and
once it discovers a tag within range it produces a burst at the resonance
frequency of the tag with much higher field strength than
the normal scanning field strength.
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The gates
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• The tag is destroyed/removed so it cannot be detected by the gates
anymore.
• An induction loop antenna system sweeps over the frequency band
or is of the pulse listen principle meaning it is pulsing at a certain
frequency and listens if a tag in area.
• If a tag is detected, the system raises an alarm.
• Typically these (antenna) gates are located at the exits of shops.
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Shoplifting growing problem
• Shoplifting is a growing social worldwide problem.
• EAS systems are applied to reduce customer theft
– Global shrinkage 36 countries US $104.5 billion(1.34 % of retail
sales)*
– Customer theft worldwide US $ 43.1 billion is 41.2 % of total
shrinkage
•
•
•
•
North America customer theft US $ 14.2 billion, 0.54 % of total sales
Latin America customer theft US $ 1.8 billion, 0.51 % of total sales
South Africa customer theft US $ 247 million, 0.54 % of total sales
Asia-Pacific customer theft US $ 7.9 billion, 0.62 % of total sales
NOTE: Ref. “The Global Retail Theft Barometer (2008)” by Centre for Retail
Research
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What is the problem ?
• At present, retailers place security tags on their merchandise locally,
paying their own staff to perform this task.
• Source tagging at the point of manufacture of the merchandise is
increasing and can significantly reduce the overall cost.
• Increasing source tagging of goods for global delivery requires the
harmonization of systems and frequencies on a global level.
• There are some concerns over potential interference with existing
safety & distress systems.
• Similar systems are developing for medical implants; devices used
inside and outside aircraft; ID cards; luggage handling systems in
airports, item management, logistics, livestock, etc.
• A full description can be found in document GSC-15-GRSC8-11a1.
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Frequencies applied for EAS
ITU Radio Regulations
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• 9-135 kHz
– Radio navigation
– Fixed Maritime Mobile
– Maritime Radio navigation
• 7400-8800 kHz
– Broadcasting and fixed mobile except aeronautical mobile
– Fixed maritime mobile
– Maritime mobile
•
•
•
•
8 414.5 kHz distress frequency for digital selective calling
8 376.5 kHz distress frequency for narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy
8 364 kHz search and rescue operations concerning manned space vehicles.
8 416.5 kHz frequency for the transmission of maritime safety information
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Regions/Countries considered
Regulations in regions/countries:
• Europe (Region 1)
• USA/Canada* (Region 2)
• China (Region 3)
• Japan (Region 3)
• Korea (Region 3)
*Canada/USA same regulations
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Regulations 9-135 kHz
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• Europe
72 dBµA/m to 65 dB dBµA/m @ 10 m (90-119 kHz 42 dBµA/m)
• US/Canada
2400/f µV/m @ 300 m, same as Europe
• China
72 dBµA/m @ 10 m, same as Europe
• Korea
66.5 to 43.5 dBµA/m @ 3m (approx. 100x lower than Europe)
• Japan
15 µV/m @ λ/2π, comparable with Europe (low end higher)
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Regulations 7400-8800 kHz
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• Europe
9 dBµA/m @ 10 m
• US/Canada
11.5 dB dBµA/m @ 30 m with demands for restricted bands
(almost equal to Europe)
• China
7300-8300 and 8400-9900 kHz: 9 dBµA/m @ 10 m
• Korea
9.1 dBµA/m @ 3m (approx. 10x lower than Europe)
• Japan
2.5 dBµA/m @ 3m (approx. 20x lower than Europe)
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Activities since GSC-15
Activity ITU-R WP1B
ITU-R WP1B developed a Report listing common frequency bands that
are used for the deployment of SRDs in all regions of the world.
However, not all of these bands listed as common bands are
harmonized for SRD use either regionally or globally.
ITU-R Radio Communication Groups
Source : Document 1/BL/7-E, 19 August 2011
Subject : Resolution ITU-R 54
Revision 1 to Document 1/178
DRAFT NEW RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.[SRD]
Frequency ranges for global and regional harmonization of short
range devices (SRDs)
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Scope of DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
• This Recommendation contains frequency
ranges to be used as recommended
ranges for SRD applications requiring
operation on a global or regional
harmonized basis.
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Abbreviated considerations of
DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
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considering
a) Radiocommunication Assembly 2007 approved Resolution ITU-R 54;
b) increasing demand for and use of SRDs throughout the world;
c) SRD applications are deployed in bands for ISM - and non ISM applications;
d) SRDs are not ISM applications as defined in No. 1.15 of the Radio Regulations;
e) SRDs are used on a worldwide basis, are often carried, used across national
borders;
f) specific interference mitigation techniques may facilitate the operation of SRDs;
g) some SRDs may employ advanced spectrum access techniques;
h) coexistence of SRDs with similar technical characteristics can be guaranteed;
i) j) SRD applications are increasing, which may result in increasing spectrum demands;
k) necessary to use the existing spectrum more efficiently and economically.
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Further considerations and
notes of DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
further considering
that SRDs may create the potential for harmful interference to
radiocommunication services, and some of them can be carried by
individuals across national boundaries and Radio communication
Assembly 2007 approved Resolution ITU-R 54;
noting
a) that Resolution ITU-R 54 states that the ITU-R should continue its
studies to enable implementation of advanced technologies for
SRDs, thereby in particular focusing on a strategy for the future;
b) that frequency ranges, power levels and other technical and
operating parameters commonly used by SRDs are listed in Report
ITU-R SM.2153 “Technical and operating parameters and spectrum
use for short-range radiocommunication devices”,
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Recognitions and recommendations of
DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
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recognizing
a) that the regulatory framework for SRDs, such as the decision on frequency bands for
use by SRDs, is a national matter;
b) that there are a number of benefits of global or regional harmonization of frequency
ranges for SRD usage for end users, manufacturers and regulators, such as:
•
a broader manufacturing base and increased volume of devices, resulting in
economies of scale and equipment availability;
•
improved spectrum utilization;
c) that, in principle, SRDs have no requirement for an individual licence as they
generally use the radio spectrum on a non-interference and non-protected basis.
However, in specific cases licensing or registration may be required,
recommends
that for SRDs requiring operation on a global or regional harmonized
basis, the frequency ranges as specified in Annex 1 and Annex 2 may be
considered, if appropriate.
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Examples of SRDs according to
DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
• Example applications of such SRDs are the following:
medical applications; SRD applications used inside and
outside aircraft; SRDs for supporting ID cards; some
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) applications; RFID
applications for luggage handling systems in airports,
item management, logistics, livestock, electronic article
surveillance (EAS) and Near Field Communication
(NFC).
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Annex 1 of document
DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
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Frequency ranges for global harmonization of SRDs
Frequency ranges as contained in Table below are based
on information from Report ITU-R SM.2153 and
contributions from administrations attending relevant
ITU-R meetings. The Table may not reflect the actual
situation. In this regard, further information is to be
sought from administrations.
Frequency range 9-148.5 kHz for Inductive SRD
applications
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Annex 2 of document
DNR ITU-R SM.[SRD]
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• Frequency ranges for regional harmonization of SRDs
• Frequency ranges and their availability in various Regions as
contained in the Table below are based on information from Report
ITU-R SM.2153 and contributions from administrations attending
relevant ITU-R meetings. The Table may not reflect the actual and
prevailing situation in each country and/or Region. In this regard,
further information is to be sought from administrations.
• Frequency range: 7 400-8 800 kHz
• Region 1 Available
• Region 2 Available
• Region 3 Available in some countries
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How to join
http://list.etsi.org/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=gsc-eas&A=1
or by sending an email to Julian Pritchard
Email: julian.pritchard@etsi.org
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Next steps
To hold a first face-to-face meeting in
Shanghai in the year 2012
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