ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANITARIAN
CONSTRUCTION.
A case study from school reconstruction project in Haiti.
24.05.2012 Shelter Meeting 12a
Matti Kuittinen, Finn Church Aid / Aalto University
Who are we?
• The largest NGO in Finland working in
development cooperation, second-largest
in humanitarian assistance
• Programs in 30 countries
• Leading university in Finland
• 6 schools with 17 000 students and 300
professors
• Staff: 100 (HQ) + 85 (field)
• Strong multi-disciplinary education and
research
• 31 million euros for aid and other
operations (2011)
• Department of Architecture has strong
emphasis on sustainable construction
• A member of the ACT Alliance, one of the
largest aid agency networks in the world
• Humanitarian issues are an emerging
research field
In this presentation
SCHOOL RECONSTRUCTION IN HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON
FOOTPRINT
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
PROCESS
QUALITY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
FCA
OPERATION
AREA
316.000 dead
300.000 injured
1.5 million homeless
250.000 homes
30.000 public buildings
4.000 schools
low school attendance rate
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
120
TEMPORARY SCHOOL
TENTS
240
TRANSITIONAL
SCHOOLS
50
PERMANENT SCHOOL
CENTRES
> 200 BUILDINGS
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
Our permanent school model is very
simple and designed to fit in local
built environment
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
The basic school units can be
applied in different combinations
that best fit to the site
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Structures are dimensioned for:
•
Wind loads: 150 mph (hurricane class 4)
•
Earth quake: 8 richter
•
Calculations are based on Canadian Building
Code and Eurocode 5 and 8 (approved for
reconstruction in Haiti)
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
ACT Allicance
Climate Award 2011
Silver medal
Consulting Engineers of Ontario
Humanitarian Award 2012
Photo © Zara Järvinen
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
North American Wood Award
2011
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
20 million cubic metres of rubble
1 000 truck loads, 1 000 days
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
ROOF TRUSSES
PRESERVED TIMBER
RING BEAM
REINFORCED CONCRETE
FOUNDATION AND FLOOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STUCCO ON
TOP OF THE
RUBBLE MASONRY
RECYCLED RUBBLE
BETWEEN THE COLUMNS
SHEAR WALLS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
LOAD-BEARING COLUMNS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
filling the gabions with rubble
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
Suitable for cash-for-work programme
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
Rubble
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT CARBON FOOTPRINT?
The amount of refugees is likely to reach
400 millions ... 1 billion by year 2050
The increase of refugees likely leads into certain
increase in humanitarian construction.
At the same time, the world is trying to
keep global warming within 2 degrees.
Globally, the construction sector causes
around 40% of greenhouse gas emissions.
ISSUE:
How can we provide the refugees with decent
shelter without increasing the global
warming?
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
RESULTS FROM CARBON FOOTPRINT
ASSESSMENT
System boundary:
• Load-bearing frame and finishes included
• Only material emissions included
• Design service life: 100 years
• Replacement of vulnerable components
2-3 x per DSL
Sources of carbon footprint
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Calculation
Carbon emissions
Carbon storage
Total carbon footprint
47.818 kg CO2-eq.
6.899 kg of CO2-eq.
40.918 kg of CO2-eq.
Comparison: Same school in different materials
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
CHALLENGES IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Biggest impact for life cycle environmental loads
No reference
data found
Only ”western” reference data found
Chart: Source and copyright CEN / EN15978
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
Life-cycle approach
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
Set of role-based
task lists
Roles:
- Director of int.coop.
- Head of unit
- Country representative
- Project manager
- Architect
- Engineer
- Onsite technical team
- EDU expert
- Legal expert
- Comms expert
- HAT
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
RECYCLING
CARBON FOOTPRINT
PROCESS QUALITY
Draft of a ”Task Map”
The full life cycle of a school construction project has been listed into a role-based task
map. It contains all relevant stakeholders of the project, shows responsible persons for
each part and indicates who should contribute.
Project phases are here
Stakeholders are here
Responsibilities are shown here
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CASE HAITI
BIO GAS
COLLECTORS
SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC
PANELS
RECYCLING
?
PRIMARY ENERGY
DEMAND OF
HUMANITARIAN
SHELTERS AND
SCHOOLS
CARBON FOOTPRINT
FIELD ASSESSMENT
IN SENDAI AREA,
JAPAN
COLLECTION OF
DATA FROM OTHER
LOCATIONS
PROCESS QUALITY
COMPUTER
SIMULATIONS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SCHEMATIC DRAFT OF SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR
HUMANITARIAN USE
PRELIMINARY CRITERIA FOR HUMANITARIAN ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
QUANTITATIVE ISSUES
●
●
●
Time should be included in
lifecycle assessment. It is often
very critical component in
humanitarian construction
projects.
Service life assessment criteria
should be modified to better suit
into a low-tech approach.
Assessment of transportation
requires an approach of its own.
QUALITATIVE ISSUES
●
●
●
●
Suitability to local or vernacular
building culture should be included.
Ownership of the buildings should be
developed starting from the
commissioning phase.
Suitability for dismantling and reuse should be included in
assessment.
Global warming potential of the
construction project should be
assessed too.
Future steps
•
Education in emergencies will be
strategic focus area of Finn Church Aid
•
•
•
•
Green School Concept under
development
Construction projects included
Cooperation with IDB for the
development of schools in Haiti (10 M
USD)
•
Active participation into Global
Education Cluster
•
Refugee camp pilot school projects are
being prepared
Scientific analysis of life cycle carbon
footprint of humanitarian construction
•
Greenhouse gas emissions
•
Primary energy use
•
Technical development of structural
concepts that have optimised carbon
footprint
•
Comparison of sustainability standards
(CEN, ISO) in humanitarian context
•
Building physical field tests of refugee
camp schools
•
Thermal comfort, moisture safety,
indoor air quality, VOC´s
We are open for cooperation!
SUSTAINABILITY
BELONGS TO ALL!
30
Contacts
Mr. Jouni Hemberg
Director of International Cooperation
Tel. +358 325 9579
jouni.hemberg@kirkonulkomaanapu.fi
www.finnchurchaid.fi
Ms. Sari Kaipainen
Reconstruction manager, Haiti
Tel. +509 3711 6659
sari.kaipainen@kirkonulkomaanapu.fi
www.finnchurchaid.fi
Mr. Matti Kuittinen
Architect, researcher
Tel. +358 50 594 7990
matti.kuittinen@aalto.fi
www.aalto.fi