Clustering and Networking
RETS Seminar
Staffordshire University
23th February 2011
Catherine Ledig
Director ADEC
Associate professor, Faculty of Law, UDS
cl@adec.fr
Renewable energies,… biomass, geothermal energy, wind energy,
solar ,… market regulation, Energy efficiency, Europe, SET plan, Waste,
sustainable development, cluster, network of excellence
Green IT smartgrids…norms , Europe 2020, Intelligent Energy Europe…
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Content
1.Clusters, définition and concepts
2. National cluster policy initiatives
- A Germany
- B France
- C other european countries ( Spain Italy Portugal
Netherland…)
3. European cluster support policy
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1. Clusters, definition and concept
Michael Porter’s definition of a cluster (On Competition, 1998):
•
A geographic concentration of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers,
service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions (for example,
universities, standard agencies and trade associations) in particular fields that compete
but also cooperate
•A :National ministries / agencies
•B : Regional agencies / offices of
national bodies
Industry
University
Science parks,
Research
institutes
Financial
actors
Media
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•C : Regional agencies based on
collective efforts of local communities
Public
bodies
Organizations
for
collaboration
Christian Ketels, one of Porter’s students,
adds the idea of interdependency (The
Development of the cluster concept, 2003)
Clusters are groups of companies and
institutions co-located in a specific
geographic region and linked by
interdependencies in providing a related
group of products and/or services.
© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Clusters
Agglomerations and concentration
Economic activity
in general
Technologically
related industries
Efficiency (scale)
and flexibility
Metropoles
Industrial districts
Innovation and
upgrading
Creative regions
Clusters
Source: Malmberg, Sölvell, Zander (1996)
Source: European Cluster Observatory
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Clusters
Life cycle
Cluster life cycle:
• Agglomeration: number of companies
and other actors in a region
• Emerging cluster: cooperation around a
core activity, common opportunities,
linkages
• Developing cluster: new actors
emerging/attracted, new linkages, label,
website, common connotation tied to the
region
Source: Elisabeth Waelbroek-Rocha based and SRI International (2001)
Source: European Cluster Observatory
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• Mature cluster: critical mass of actors,
relations outside,new firm creation (start
ups, joint ventures, spin-offs)
• Transformation: markets, technologies,
and processes change, transformation into
one or several new clusters that focus
around other activities or simply a change
in the ways that products and services are
delivered.
Clusters
Different dimensions
Different cluster dimensions:
well-established
emerging
large and dense with a multitude of related industries
thin and smaller
manufacturing-oriented
service-oriented
science-driven
traditional sectors
strong external linkages and global reach
regional reach
 transnational cluster
 world-class cluster
 cluster composed
of members from
different countries
Different clusters concepts
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 national cluster having
an international range
in terms of visibility,
market, cooperation…
 meta-cluster
 sectoral network of
national clusters
cooperating and
formalised into one cluster
Clusters
Actors, actions and outputs
Public
funding
Lab.
Uni.
VC/
BA
SME
TT
Lab.
Bank
Large
entreprise
TT platform
SME
Collaborative
platforms
Demand
Supply
CLUSTER
Large
entreprise
Networking
events
SME
Incubator
SME
TT
SME
Uni.
SME
SME
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SME
SME
Clusters
Success factors in development
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Clusters
Rationale for clustering
Wide range of benefits to both business and the wider economy:
Increased levels of expertise: greater depth of sourcing companies supply chain,
inter-firm learning and co-operation;
Firms complementary skills: possibility to bid for large pieces of work that as
individual units they would be unable to compete for;
Economies of scale: specializing production within each firm, joint purchasing of
common raw materials, joint marketing…);
Strengthening social and other informal links: creation of new ideas and new
businesses;
Improved information flows: enabling finance providers to judge who the good
entrepreneurs are and business people to find good support services;
Development of an infrastructure of professional, legal, financial and other
specialist services.
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Clustering is one of the key drivers of economic growth in localities, cities
and regions.
Cluster: Formalisation, governance and funding
Formalisation:
Cluster
organisation
Formalisation
Informel cluster
•
•
•
•
Legal status (association)
Communication (logo & website)
Visibility
Possibility of funding
Uni./
Labs
Public
actors
(through
cluster
programmes)
10
€
Cluster
organisation
€
Large
companies
SMEs
Clusters : Key points
• Geographic proximity : (cluster’s perimeters usually
reproduce administrative boundaries. Clusters often
originate from preexisting cooperation schemes)
• Economic sector proximity
• Institutional proximity (common operating guidelines,
common identity shared by cluster members)
• Organizational proximity (common governance, projects
selection)
• Interconnections / Interdependencies between cluster
members
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Clusters
Strategic analysis of the clustering approach
Strengths
Weaknesses
•Highly innovative and competitive
•Flexibility and resilience (critical mass but SMEs)
•Pooled infrastructures
•Highly qualified workers
•Variety of actors encourages the conversion of R&D
into marketable products
•Promotes exchanges between highly
complemenary communities
•Gatekeepers are the cornerstone without whom
everything falls apart (usually very mobile profiles)
•Cluster fad (Renewable energies, ICT) =
inappropriate and therefore artificial clusters
•Necessity for geographical proximity
•Creation and take-off phases can take a long time
•Geographical attractiveness is no guarantee for the
quality of the cluster
•Hard to balance cooperation / competition
Opportunities
Threats
•Develop regional / national / international
leadership
•Positive consequences on the economy =
microeconomic solution to the crisis
•Increase qualifications of labour force, average
wage, and eventually raise living standards and
create growth
•Channeling added value coming from weak links
(network of networks)
•Dependent upon public funding (artificial clusters)
•Little perspective or research on the subject of
clusters (recent phenomenon)
•Unintended loss of knowledge (brain drain, skills
drain)
•Cognitive proximity creates mistrust
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Science Park a good infrastructure to host cluster
Science Park (IASP definition):
• The International Association of Science Parks was created in
1984
• A Science Park is an organisation managed by specialised
professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its
community by promoting the culture of innovation and the
competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based
institutions.
• To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park
• Stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology
amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets;
• Facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based
companies through incubation and spin-off processes
• Provides other value-added services together with high quality
space and facilities.
• 68 IASP members in the 23 countries around the world
operating within the Energy and renewable energy sector (out of
375 members)
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
2. National cluster policy initiatives
Focus on energy clusters in
- A. Germany
- B France
- C Other european initiatives
(Spain,Italy Portugal Netherlands …)
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Cluster policy initiatives
Definition and objectives
Definition: (Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist & Christian Ketels in The Cluster Initiative
Greenbook (2003))
“Cluster initiatives are organised efforts to increase the growth and competitiveness
of clusters within a region, involving cluster firms, government and/or the research
community”.
 Build on three main policy
areas:
Objectives:
HR upgrading
Cluster expansion
Business development
Commercial collaboration
Innovation and technology
Business environment upgrading
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Source: Ketels, Lindqvist, Sölvell (2003)
Cluster policy initiatives
Principles
Public
authority
Call for
proposals
Cluster
selection/
labellisation
Cluster
funding
Evaluation
Answer
Cluster
initiative
definition
Outputs
Cluster
organisations
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(projects,
innovation,
employement
…)
National cluster-support policies
A. Germany
•Kompetenznetze : Since 1999,
97 networks, 19 in the Energy and
Environment field
•“League of the best innovation
networks” in Germany. Membership to the
initiative is a quality label only for the best
networks.
•The initiative provides members with a
communication and information (web, print
media, conferences, fairs…) platform and
other services.
•This German initiative is open to
international cooperation.
•www.kompetenznetze.de
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Kompetenznetze definition
Kompetenznetze (De) « not every cluster is a
competence network, but many of the initiative’s
competence networks are clusters »
• 7 Requirements for competence networks:
– thematic focus within a field of innovation (specialist)
– concentrated and embedded in region but supra-national
activities
– organized network with a visible profile (identity)
– participants from different links in the added-value chain +
different industries and disciplines
– collaborative engineering
– sustainability of the network
– innovative power + able to convert innovations in products
ready for market
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
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Stakeholders of a competence networks
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
19 Kompetenznetze in the Energy and
Environment sector
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Kompetenznetze closest to the RETS project
1) KUMAS : Bavarian Center of Competence in Environmental
Technologies and Affairs : « a central interface for knowledge
transfer, information, exchange of ideas and experience and
cooperation among environmental companies and institutions in
Bavaria »
http://www.kumas.de/ShowPage.php?PId=1&LangId=1&NavLang=
1
• Renewable Energy is only one of KUMA’s area of expertise. In this
field, the network’s goal « is the sustainable expansion of existing
environmental competencies and generation of new ones, while
working in close networking between industry and
commerce, science and education, and administration and
politics. »
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Kompetenznetze closest to the RETS project
Umweltcluster Bayern is an initiative which facilitates collaboration
between the actors of environmental technology and science in Bavaria
Renewable energy is one of the cluster’s work packages.
124 cluster members
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Kompetenznetze closest to the RETS project
3) Windenergie agentur (Bremen)
WAB is involved in a wide range of activities in four areas: repowering
(replacing old wind turbines with new ones), offshore wind power
development, training, and fostering international contact and
cooperation. WAB's work in distributing information and
managing events includes organising the annual international
conference "WINDFORCE – Direction Offshore" on offshore wind
power, initiating study trips, seminars and workshops on up-todate topics of interest to the industry, finding opportunities for
cooperation, and identifying needs for research. WAB also
publishes a newsletter every two months in German and English.
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Spitzenclusters
•Since 2007.
•Competition :
• 3 rounds held eighteen
months apart
• each round will have 5
winning high-performance
clusters.
• Up to 200 million EUR
made available to the
winners of each round.
Interesting ones from the point of
view of energy :
•Solar Valley
www.spitzencluster-wettbewerb.de
•Forum Organic Electronics
•Cool Silicon
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Solar Valley
www.solarvalley.org
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Forum Organic Electronics
•International leader in research development and
production of organic electronics
•Projects:
• Highly efficient, flexible and transparent solar
films which can be glued to windows
• Wide and flexible organic light-emitting
diodes, luminescent wallpaper…
•Members : more than 20 companies and research institutions from
the Rhein Neckar metropolitan area
•Funding: Ministry of Education and Research, 40 million EUR (5
year-period)
•Contact : Gerrit Weisenborn, InnovationLab GmBH
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Cool Silicon (Dresden)
Cluster Coordinator:Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard P. Fettweis c/o Silicon
Saxony Management GmbH. gerhard.fettweis@tu-dresden.de
media@cool-silicon.org
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National cluster-support policies
B. France
• Public policies (national and regional level) influence the
economic environment in which clusters exist and
develop :
–
–
–
–
Fundings for innovation
Education system
Incentive to support private sector dynamics
Big Loan
France
• « pôles de compétitivité » (competitiveness
clusters) EUR 1,5 billion from the State, between
2006-2008 + EUR 1,5 billion 2009-2011.
• 71 clusters (see map)
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
National cluster-support policies
France
www.competitivite.gouv.fr
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
FR : ADVANCITY
ADVANCITY is involved in 4 major economic
sectors
• Urban and spatial planning and development
• Housing and construction
• Mobility and transport
• Resources and environment
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FR : ADVANCITY
• Advancity is organised into 8 strategic
committees, where competencies are
brought together, innovation orientations
emerge, and innovative collaborative
projects are developed:
– Urban Environmental and Energy Technologies (TU2E),
– Ground level, subsurface, infrastructures and networks
(3SIR),
– Building Energy Environment (B2E),
– Efficiency of Public Transport (EFFITRANS),
– New Uses and Mobility (NUM),
– Accessibility and Urban Health Environment (ACCEUS),
– Environmentally friendly city organisation (ECOVILLE),
– Photovoltaic (PV Ile de France)
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FR : MAUD
4 technological fields, in coherence with Key technologies 2010
The MAUD cluster leans on 4 technological fields to cover large
domains of use for Materials & Applications for a Sustainable
Use :
Materials
Deposits
Features
Functions
Each of these technological fields is tuned into some of these
Key technologies 2010, grouped together in technological
clusters identified as real regional opportunities.
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FR : IAR
Aims of the cluster
Promotion of plants (not foodstuffs) :
•Bioenergies
•Biofuels
•Agromaterials
•Biomolecules
•Plant ingredients
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FR: DERBI
• Energy- producing buildings in a
Mediterranean Climate :performance
optimisation and integration of
renewable energy sources
• Network managements and energy
storage (electricity, heating, cooling)
interconnecting homes with energy
generation sites;
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• Energy production outside
buildings whether by supply from
isolated sites or through grid
connected systems.
FR : DERBI
A sample of accredited projects:
• A photovoltaic conversions system through high power solar energy concentration
• An integrated solar air-conditioning system using energy storage elements
• Optimisation in the use of renewable energy and collective heating through daily
energy storage that anticipates requirements through meteorological data
• Monitoring systems for buildings with high energy performance
• An evaluative study of employment / qualifications in the network of renewable energy
in the Languedoc-Roussillon region
• Micro-algae utilization for energy purposes
• An energy-neutral and commercially viable building in the Mediterranean context
• Production of photovoltaic cells from recycled silicon
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FR : TENERRDIS
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FR : TENERRDIS
Aims of the cluster
•Increase the competitiveness of businesses with a focus on SMEs, through innovation and R&D based on a range of
partnerships.
•Make the workforce more competitive via training in new energy positions.
•Make the region more attractive to industry, research and universities due to the network effect and the pool of
expertise available.
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FR : CAPENERGIES
Capenergies is a competitiveness cluster dedicated to energy
sources that do not produce greenhouse gases: energy efficiency,
renewable and nuclear energy.
Capenergies has more than 400 members.
It works with industrial, research and higher education partnerships
in Provence-Alpes, Côte d’Azur, Corsica, The Reunion &
Guadeloupe islands.
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CAPENERGIES
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CAPENERGIES
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FR : ALSACE ENERGIVIE
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C. Others european energy clusters
- Spain
- Portugal
- ….
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Cluster Energía – BILBAO - Spain
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Cluster Energía – BILBAO - Spain
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Cluster Energía – BILBAO - Spain
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Energy Cluster – LOMBARDIA - Italy
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Energy Cluster – LOMBARDIA - Italy
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Energy Cluster – LOMBARDIA - Italy
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
Energy Cluster – LOMBARDIA - Italy
President: Alberto Ribolla
Vice President : Gianni Mainini
Confindustria Alto Milanese and Euroimpresa as operational arms of the cluster
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ENEOP – Wind cluster - Portugal
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
ENEOP – Wind cluster - Portugal
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Bio-energie cluster – Eastern Netherlands
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Bio-energie cluster – Eastern Netherlands
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ENVIcrack alternative energy Czech Republic
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Cluster initiatives
Some common characteristics
Microeconomic business environment rather than macro focus
Long term agenda to improve overall competitiveness of clusters rather than individual firms
Emphasis on regional and local areas
Improved networking among cluster firms, trust-building and enhanced
dialogue to create spillovers
Seed money rather than large subsidies
Balanced input of resources from government and industry
Selection of clusters through a process of competition, implying a weaker form of winnerpicking
Mix of competition and cooperation as driver of learning and innovation
Mix of SMEs and large firms
Partnerships across the “triple helix”: cluster firms, government and the academic community
Learning and innovation based on systems-view rather than isolated firms
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3. European cluster support policy
Strategy, funding programmes
and related projects
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European cluster-support policy
•
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Europe 2020 Strategy « for a smart,
sustainable and inclusive growth ».
–
Smart growth : Innovative Union flagship initiative :
« refocusing R&D and innovation policy on major challenges
for our society like(…) energy and ressource efficiency (…) »
–
Sustainable growth : An industrial policy for the
globalization era flagship initiative : « industrial policy that
will support businesse (…) by supporting entrepreneurship »
and promoting clusters.
–
Inclusive growth : European platform against poverty
flagship initiative « ensuring economic, social and territorial
cohesion »
© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
EU Cluster tools and networks
Global view
Appropriate skills
Statistics &
Services
European Cluster
Observatory
Cluster Excellence
EU initiative
Policy
recommendations
Visibility
European Cluster
Policy Group
Regions of Knowledge networks (FP7)
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Policy incentives
& practical tools
European Cluster
Alliance
TACTICS
Oseo
INTERREG Networks
Cluster Innovation
Platforms (CIP)
European cluster-support policy
Funding programmes
•
Funding programmes relevant for clusters :
•
FP 7 (2007-2013) for research and Technological Development.
Budget 50 521 million EUR. Emphasis on the link between
research and industry. Programmes relevant for energy clusters :
Cooperation and Capacities (« regional research driven clusters »)
•
Actions primarily implemented : « collaborative projects,
networks of excellence, coordination and support actions »
•
CIP (Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme)
2007-2013, 3 621 million EUR. Interesting blocks for energy
clusters : Entrepreneurship and Innovation programme (PRO
INNO Europe, Europe INNOVA), Intelligent Energy Europe
(ALTENER)
•
Interreg IV / European Territorial Co-operation (20072013, 8 700 million EUR) 3 strands :
– A cross-border cooperation,
– B transnational cooperation,
– C interregional cooperation.
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
EUREKA Initiative
http://www.eurekanetwork.org/
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EUREKA NETWORK
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Examples of energy projects funded by EUREKA
ENERGY-NETWORK
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European Energy Network - Austria
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European Energy Network – Austria
Members
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European cluster-support policy
Europa Intercluster
• Interclustering
– What is it?
• An intercluster is an association of clusters within a specific interregional or
transnational area and engaged in processes aimed at common strategic
development. The objective is to promote synergies arund high value added
products and services, and thereby contribute to the emergence of
European industrial projects.
– Why interclustering?
• Acquire a better visibility at the global level (in a context of globalization
and geographic fragmentation of the value chains)
• Exploit the European potential to give birth to world-class clusters.
– How does it work?
• Sharing of information : Members of the clusters get involved in optimising
their knowledge, practices and expertise in key areas. Frequently on an
informal basis
• Coordination : players from the clusters decide to engage in cooperation for
ad hoc projects. Issues dealt with have a specific operational purpose :
building up a critical mass, respond jointly to tender offers, design
innovative products…
• Integration : the managers of associated clusters structure their
partnerships through the identification of common strategic issues
essential for entering markets which individually would be inaccessible.
Pooling of ressources and asets, development of cooperative processes.
Community management required. Most developed and complete form of
interclustering
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
European cluster-support policy
European Technology Platforms (ETPs)
ETPS :
• Provide a framework for stakeholders, led by industry, to
define research and development priorities, timeframes and
action plans on a number of strategically important issues where
achieving Europe's future growth, competitiveness and sustainability
objectives is dependent upon major research and technological
advances in the medium to long term.
• Play a key role in ensuring an adequate focus of research
funding on areas with a high degree of industrial relevance,
by covering the whole economic value chain and by mobilising
public authorities at national and regional levels. In fostering
effective public-private partnerships, technology platforms
have the potential to contribute significantly to the renewed Lisbon
strategy and to the development of a European Research Area of
knowledge for growth which makes them powerful actors in the
development of European research policy.
• Address technological challenges which are essential for
Europe's future competitiveness, including the timely development
and deployment of new technologies, technology development with
a view to sustainable development etc.
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European cluster-support policy
Energy ETPs
Biofuels :
http://www.hyperion.ie/TP-Biofuels.htm
http://www.biofuelstp.eu/
Smartgrids
http://www.smartgrids.eu/
Wind Energy
http://www.windplatform.eu/
Forest-based Sector
http://www.forestplatform.org/index.php?cid=ftp
Fuel cells and Hydrogen
http://ec.europa.eu/research/fch/index_en.cfm
Photovoltaic
http://www.eupvplatform.org/
Sustainable chemistry
http://www.suschem.org/
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European cluster-support policy
Related projects
– Projet Cluster-Excellence.eu - European Cluster Excellence
Initiative (Pro INNO Actions) identification of performance indicators,
quality management approach, case studies, development of training
material
– Projet TACTICS (INNO Nets) cluster policy. Support and further
expand the European Cluster Alliance, and contribute to the
development of better cluster policies and practical tools in Europe.
– ECA (European Cluster Alliance) (PRO INNO) Design better cluster
policies and raise the excellence of cluster programmes. issue de 4
projets INNO Nets (88 régions de clusters)
– Cluster IP (Europe INNOVA) : facilitate transnational cooperation
between cluster org at a practical level pr dvper ou tester better
innovation support tools pour les clusters. IP = innovation platform
– European Cluster Observatory (Europe INNOVA) : provide
statistical analysis and mapping of clusters across €, facilitate
partnering of cluster org and cluster firms by acting as a fully-fledged
information service
– European Cluster Policy Group composed of high-level epxerts
looking into future challenges for cluster policies (€ + national level)
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© Catherine LEDIG - 2010
European cluster-support policy
Related Interreg IV C projects
– Brain Flow (Brain Flow and Knowledge Transfer fostering
Innovation in Border Regions) exchange best practices and
experiences on interregional level in order to develop and
introduce new or improved instruments to avoid or minimize
brain-drain and simultaneously foster brain-gain.
– CREA.RE (Creative Regions), creative economy
– SMART + (Mini-Programme for Entrepreneurship and SME
Innovation), focuses on SMEs as the key force for the transition
of economy based on traditional industries towards the
knowledge-based economy.
– POOLING4CLUSTERS (Best shared services for regional
cluster initiative needs), analyse and share experiences
regarding value added services provided by DAs in order to help
CIs to be more efficient
– Know-Man (Knowledge Network Management in Technology
Parks), regional development and spatial innovation policies,
knwoledge networks management
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Regional Clusters for Energy Planning
Ireland : www.regcep.eu
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Regional clusters for Energy Planning
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Regional clusters for Energy Planning
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Regional clusters for Energy Planning
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Mapping
of the cluster
overview
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The new EU energy strategy focuses on five
priorities
- Achieving an energy efficicent Europe
- Building a truly pan European integrated energy
market
- Empowering consumers and achieving the
highest level of safety and security
- Expending Europe’s leadership in energy
technology and innovtion
- Strenghthening the external dimension of the
EU energy market
Source :
Energy 2020 : a strategy for competitive sustainable and secure energy
EU BXL 10112010 COM (2010) 639 final
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Questions
Are we able to answer together to such
issues ?
what do we need .
more information ?
methods, tools and money ?
a deep will ?
a team spirit ?
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