• The Internet is like many other technologies—it provides a
wide range of services, some of which are effective and
practical for use today, others are still evolving, and still
others will fade away from lack of use
• Briefly describe how the Internet works, including
alternatives for connecting to it and the role of Internet
service providers
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• Originally developed as a document-management system,
the World Wide Web is a menu-based system that is easy to
use for personal and business applications
• Describe the World Wide Web and the way it works
• Explain the use of Web browsers, search engines, and other
Web tools
• Identify and briefly describe the applications associated
with the Internet and the Web
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• Because the Internet and the World Wide Web are
becoming more universally used and accepted for business
use, management, service and speed, privacy, and security
issues must continually be addressed and resolved
• Identify who is using the Web to conduct business and
discuss some of the pros and cons of Web shopping
• Outline a process for creating Web content
• Describe Java and discuss its potential impact on the
software world
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• Define the terms intranet and extranet and discuss how
organizations are using them
• Identify several issues associated with the use of networks
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Use and Functioning of the Internet
• Internet: a collection of interconnected networks, all
freely exchanging information
• ARPANET
• Ancestor of the Internet
• A project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
in 1969
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Use and Functioning of the Internet
(continued)
• Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard enabling
traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed
• Research for a faster Internet: Internet2 (I2); Next
Generation Internet (NGI); Abilene
• Wireless Internet
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How the Internet Works
• The Internet transmits data from one computer (called a
host) to another
• If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first
computer is directly connected, it can send the message
directly
• If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the
sending computer is connected, the sending computer
relays the message to another computer that can forward it
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Figure 7.1: Routing Messages
over the Internet
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How the Internet Works (continued)
• Data is passed in chunks called packets
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used
transport layer protocol that is used in combination with
Internet Protocol (IP) by most Internet applications
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an assigned address
on the Internet for each computer
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Accessing the Internet
• Connect via LAN server
• Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-toPoint Protocol (PPP)
• Connect via an online service
• Other ways to connect (e.g., wireless application protocol,
or WAP)
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Figure 7.3: Several Ways to
Access the Internet
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Internet Service Providers
• Internet service provider (ISP): any company that
provides individuals or organizations with Internet access
• Most charge a monthly fee
• Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet
access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or
satellite transmission
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The World Wide Web
• World Wide Web: AKA the Web, WWW, or W3
• A menu-based system that uses the client/server model
• Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a
series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your
computer
• Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages,
allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish
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The World Wide Web (continued)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the standard
page description language for Web pages
• HTML tags: inform browsers how to format text on a Web
page, and whether images, sound, and other elements
should be inserted
• Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language
for Web documents containing structured information,
including words, pictures, and other elements
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Figure 7.4: Sample Hypertext
Markup Language
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Web Browsers
• Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
• The menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with
hypertext links
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Search Engines
• Search engine: a Web search tool
• Examples of search engines: Yahoo.com; Google.com
• Most search engines are free
• Searches can use words such as AND and OR to refine
the search
• Meta-search engine: submits keywords to several
individual search engines and returns the results from all
search engines queried
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Table 7.5: Popular Search Engines
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Web Programming Languages
• Java
• Object-oriented programming language from Sun
Microsystems based on C++
• Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded within an
HTML document
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Web Programming Languages
(continued)
• Other programming languages used to develop Web sites:
• JavaScript
• VBScript
• ActiveX
• Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
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Business Uses of the Web
• E-mail
• Linking buyers and sellers
• Tool for marketing, sales, and customer support
• Push technology: automatic transmission of information
over the Internet rather than making users search for it with
their browsers
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Developing Web Content
• Computer must be linked to a Web server
• Need Web browser program
• Add links to home page
• Advertise
• Tools: word processor, HTML editor, HTML template, text
editor
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Web Services
• Web services: standards and tools that streamline and
simplify communication among Web sites for business and
personal purposes
• XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer
data between Web service applications
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Web Services (continued)
• Besides XML, other components are used in Web service
applications:
• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
• WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
• UDDI (Universal Discovery Description and Integration)
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Internet and Web Applications
• E-mail and instant messaging
• Instant messaging: a method that allows two or more
individuals to communicate online using the Internet
• Internet cell phones and handheld computers
• Career information and job searching
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Internet and Web Applications
(continued)
• Telnet and FTP
• Telnet: a terminal emulation protocol that enables users to
log on to other computers on the Internet to gain access to
public files
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): a protocol that describes a file
transfer process between a host and a remote computer and
allows users to copy files from one computer to another
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Internet and Web Applications
(continued)
• Web log (blog): a Web site that people can create and use
to write about their observations, experiences, and feelings
on a wide range of topics
• Usenet and newsgroups
• Usenet: a system closely allied with the Internet that uses email to provide a centralized news service; a protocol that
describes how groups of messages can be stored on and sent
between computers
• Newsgroups: online discussion groups that focus on specific
topics
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Internet and Web Applications
(continued)
• Chat room: a facility that enables two or more people to
engage in interactive “conversations” over the Internet
• Internet phone and videoconferencing services
• Content streaming: a method for transferring multimedia
files over the Internet so that the data stream of voice and
pictures plays more or less continuously without a break,
or very few of them; enables users to browse large files in
real time
• Shopping on the Web
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Figure 7.7: How Voice Over IP Works
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Internet and Web Applications
(continued)
• Web auctions
• Music, radio, and video on the Internet
• Office on the Web
• Internet sites in three dimensions
• Free software and services
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Table 7.6: Summary of Internet and
Web Applications
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Table 7.6: Summary of Internet and Web
Applications (continued)
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Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet
• Internal corporate network built using Internet and World
Wide Web standards and products
• Slashes the need for paper
• Provides employees with an easy and intuitive approach to
access information that was previously difficult to obtain
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Intranets and Extranets (continued)
• Extranet: a network based on Web technologies that links
selected resources of a company’s intranet with its
customers, suppliers, or other business partners
• Virtual private network (VPN): a secure connection
between two points across the Internet
• Tunneling: the process by which VPNs transfer
information by encapsulating traffic in IP packets over the
Internet
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Table 7.11: Summary of Internet,
Intranet, and Extranet Users
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Figure 7.8: Virtual Private Network
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Net Issues
• Management issues: preventing attacks
• Service and speed issues
• Web server computers can be overwhelmed by the
amount of “hits” (requests for pages)
• Routers can become bottlenecks
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Figure 7.9: Typical Sources of
Internet Attacks
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Net Issues (continued)
• Privacy
• Spyware: hidden files and information trackers that install
themselves secretly when you visit some Internet sites
• Cookie: a text file that an Internet company can place on the
hard disk of a computer system
• Fraud
• Phishing
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Net Issues (continued)
• Security with encryption and firewalls
• Cryptography: converting a message into a secret code and
changing the encoded message back to regular text
• Digital signature: encryption technique used to verify the
identity of a message sender for processing online financial
transactions
• Firewall: a device that sits between an internal network and
the Internet, limiting access into and out of a network based
on access policies
• Unauthorized sites
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Figure 7.10: Cryptography process
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Summary
• The Internet is a collection of interconnected networks, all
freely exchanging information
• Internet Protocol (IP) is a communication standard that
enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as
needed
• Internet data is passed in chunks called packets
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a widely used
transport layer protocol that is used in combination with IP
by most Internet applications
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Summary (continued)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an assigned address
on the Internet for each computer
• Ways of accessing the Internet include via a LAN server,
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP), and an online service
• The World Wide Web is a menu-based system that
organizes Internet resources into a series of menu pages,
or screens, that appear on your computer
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard
page description language for Web pages
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Summary (continued)
• A Web browser is software that creates a unique,
hypermedia-based menu on a computer screen, providing
a graphical interface to the Web
• A search engine is a Web search tool
• An intranet is an internal corporate network built using
Internet and World Wide Web standards
• An extranet is a network based on Web technologies that
links selected resources of a company’s intranet with its
customers, suppliers, or other business partners
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