E-Commerce: The Second Wave
Fifth Annual Edition
Chapter 11:
Payment Systems For
Electronic Commerce
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The basic functions of online payment
systems
• The use of payment cards in electronic
commerce
• The history and future of electronic cash
• How electronic wallets work
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic
commerce
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
2
Online Payment Basics
• Cash, checks, credit cards, and debit cards
– Account for more than 90 percent of all
consumer payments in the United States
• Most popular consumer electronic transfers
are automated payments of
– Auto loans
– Insurance payments
– Mortgage payments made from consumers’
checking accounts
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
3
Payment Methods for all Types of U.S.
Consumer Transactions, 2005 Projections
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
4
Online Payment Basics (Continued)
• Scrip
– Digital cash minted by a company instead of
by a government
– Cannot be exchanged for cash
– Like a gift certificate that is good at more than
one store
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
5
Payment Cards
• Describe all types of plastic cards used to
make purchases
• Credit card
– Has spending limit based on user’s credit
history
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
6
Payment Cards (Continued)
• Debit card
– Removes amount from cardholder’s bank
account
– Transfers it to seller’s bank account
• Charge card
– Carries no spending limit
– Amount charged is due at end of billing period
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
7
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Payment Cards
• Advantage
– Worldwide acceptance
– Built-in security for merchants
• Disadvantage
– Payment card service companies charge
merchants per-transaction fees and monthly
processing fees
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
8
Payment Acceptance and Processing
• Steps followed once merchant receives
consumer’s payment card information
– Merchant authenticates payment card
– Merchant checks with payment card issuer
• To ensure that credit or funds are available
• Puts a hold on credit line or the funds needed
to cover the charge
– Settlement occurs
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
9
Open and Closed Loop System
• Closed loop systems
– Card issuer pays merchants that accept the
card directly and does not use an intermediary
• Open loop systems
– Involve three or more parties
– Systems using Visa or MasterCard are
examples
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
10
Merchant Accounts
• To process payment cards for Internet
transactions
– Online merchant must set up merchant
account
• New merchant must supply
– Business plan
– Details about existing bank accounts
– Business and personal credit history
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
11
Processing Payments Online
• InternetSecure
– Provides secure payment card services
• First Data
– Provides merchant payment card processing
services with the following programs
• ICVERIFY, PCAuthorize, and WebAuthorize
• Banks connect to an Automated Clearing House
(ACH) through
– Highly secure, private leased telephone lines
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
12
Processing a Payment Card
Transaction
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
13
Electronic Cash
• Term that describes any value storage and
exchange system created by a private entity
that
– Does not use paper documents or coins
– Can serve as a substitute for governmentissued physical currency
• Attractive in two arenas
– Sale of goods and services of less than $10
– Sale of higher-priced goods and services to
those without credit cards
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
14
Micropayments and Small Payments
• Micropayments
– Internet payments for items costing from a few
cents to approximately a dollar
• Small payments
– Payments of less than $10
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
15
Privacy and Security of Electronic Cash
• Concerns about electronic payment methods
include
– Privacy and security
– Independence
– Portability
– Convenience
• Advantages of electronic cash
– Independent and portable
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
16
eCharge Home Page
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
17
Holding Electronic Cash: Online and
Offline Cash
• Online cash storage
– Trusted third party is involved in all transfers of
electronic cash
– Holds consumers’ cash accounts
• Offline cash storage
– Virtual equivalent of money kept in a wallet
– No third party is involved in the transaction
• Double-spending
– Spending electronic cash twice
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
18
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Electronic Cash
• Advantages of electronic cash
– Transactions are more efficient
– Transfer on the Internet costs less than
processing credit card transactions
• Disadvantages of electronic cash
– Use provides no audit trail
– Problem of money laundering arises
– Susceptible to forgery
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
19
Providing Security for Electronic Cash
• Cryptographic algorithms
– Keys to creating tamperproof electronic cash
that can be traced back to its origins
• Anonymous electronic cash
– Electronic cash that cannot be traced back to
the person who spent it
• Creating truly anonymous electronic cash
– Requires bank to issue electronic cash with
embedded serial numbers
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
20
Detecting Double-Spending of
Electronic Cash
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
21
Electronic Cash Systems
• CheckFree
– Largest online bill processor in the world
– Provides online payment processing services
• Clickshare
– An electronic cash system aimed at magazine
and newspaper publishers
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
22
Electronic Cash Systems (Continued)
• InternetCash
– Provides electronic currency that is very
similar to traditional cash
– Customers must first purchase an
InternetCash card from a store
• PayPal
– Provides payment processing services to
businesses and to individuals
– Peer-to-peer (P2P) payment system
• Free payment clearing service for individuals
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
23
PayPal Payment Method Search Option
on eBay Main Search Page
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
24
Electronic Wallets
• Hold credit card numbers, electronic cash,
owner identification and contact information
• Give consumers the benefit of entering their
information just once
• Make shopping more efficient
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
25
Electronic Wallets (Continued)
• Server-side electronic wallet
– Stores customer’s information on a remote
server belonging to a particular merchant or
wallet publisher
• Client-side electronic wallet
– Stores consumer’s information on his or her
own computer
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
26
Microsoft .NET Passport
• An electronic wallet operated by Microsoft
• Passport consists of four integrated services
– Passport single sign-in service (SSI)
– Passport Wallet service
– Kids Passport service
– Public profiles
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
27
Microsoft .NET Passport Home Page
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
28
Yahoo! Wallet
• An electronic wallet offered by the Web portal
site Yahoo!
• Lets users store information about several
major credit and charge cards
• Many industry observers and privacy rights
activist groups are concerned about
electronic wallets
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
29
W3C Micropayment Standards
Development Activity
• Common Markup for Micropayment Per-FeeLinks
– Standards developed by W3C Electronic
Commerce Interest Group (ECIG)
– Provide extensible and interoperable way to
embed micropayment information in Web page
• Extensible system
– One that developers can add to (or extend)
without voiding any earlier work on the system
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
30
W3C Proposed Micropayment HTML Tags
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
31
The ECML Standard
• Electronic Commerce Modeling Language
(ECML)
– Users can enter credit card and address
information once into an ECML-capable
electronic wallet
– Any existing wallet can be redesigned to follow
the ECML standard
– Users control access to their ECML electronic
wallets
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
32
Stored-Value Cards
• Can be an elaborate smart card with a
microchip that records currency balance
• Common stored-value cards
– Prepaid phone, copy, subway, and bus cards
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
33
Magnetic Strip Cards
• Cannot send or receive information
• Cannot increment or decrement value of cash
stored on the card
• Processing must be done on a device into
which card is inserted
• Smart card
– Better suited for Internet payment transactions
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
34
Smart Cards
• Stored-value cards
• Can hold private user data, such as financial
facts
• Can store about 100 times more information
than a magnetic strip plastic card
• Safer than conventional credit cards
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
35
Octopus Smart Card Information on
the Hong Kong Citybus Site
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
36
Smart Cards (Continued)
• Smart Card Alliance
– Promotes benefits of smart cards
– Promotes widespread acceptance of multipleapplication smart card technology
– Members include companies in banking,
financial services, computer technology, and
healthcare
– Promotes compatibility among smart cards,
card reader devices, and applications
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
37
Mondex
• Smart card that holds and dispenses
electronic cash
• Introduced in 1990 and now part of
MasterCard International
• Can accept electronic cash directly from a
user’s bank account
• Card carries real cash in electronic form
– Risk of theft may deter users from loading it
with very much money
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
38
Mondex (Continued)
•
Steps in using a Mondex card to transfer
electronic cash from buyer to seller
1. Card user inserts Mondex card into reader
2. Merchant’s terminal requests payment
3. Customer’s card checks merchant’s digital
signature
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
39
Steps in using a Mondex Card to Transfer
Electronic Cash from Buyer to Seller
(Continued)
4. Merchant’s terminal checks customer’s justsent digital signature for authenticity
5. Once electronic cash is deducted from the
cardholder’s card
•
Same amount is transferred into the
merchant’s electronic cash account
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
40
Mondex Smart Card Processing
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
41
Summary
• Most popular forms of payment on the
Internet
– Credit card
– Debit card
– Charge cards (payment cards)
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
42
Summary
• Electronic cash
– Form of online payment
– Slow to catch on in the United States
– Especially useful for making micropayments
– Advantages
• Portable, anonymous, and usable for
international transactions
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
43
Summary
• Electronic wallets
– Provide convenience to online shoppers
– Eliminate need to reenter payment card and
shipping information at site’s electronic
checkout counter
• Stored-value cards
– Physical devices that hold information
• Smart cards
– Intended to replace collection of plastic cards
people now carry
E-Commerce: The Second Wave, Fifth Annual Edition
44