DEMAND AND SUPPLY TRENDS
IN TOURISM
PROF. Dr. N VANHOVE
DEMAND TRENDS
HIGH GROWTH RATE
Region
1980
2003
2009
Annual
growth Market share
rate2003-2009*
(%)
1980
2009
World
286.0
692.8
880.4
4.9
100.0
100.0
Africa
7.3
31.4
48.1
2.6
5.5
Americas
61.3
113.2
139.6
8.9
4.3
21.5
15.9
East Asia/Pacific
21.5
105.9
170.5
10.0
7.5
19.4
Europe
186.1
405.9
459.7
2.5
65.1
52.2
Middle East
7.5
30.0
52.5
2.6
6.0
South Asia
2.2
6.4
10.0
11.8
9.2
0.8
1.1
*Based on (1 + (r)/100)n or compound annual growth rate.
Source: WTO.
4
Expansion incessante du tourisme
international
ã
Arrivées internationales par région, 1950-2003.
800
700
500
400
300
Moyen-Orient
Afrique
Asie/Pacifique
Amériques
Europe
200
100
20
00
19
90
19
80
19
70
19
60
0
19
50
millions
600
• De 25 millions en 1950 à 694 millions
• Moyenne de croissance 1990-2003 : 3,3 % / an
• Moyenne du taux annuel de croissance :
–1950-1960: 10,6 %
–1960-1970: 9,1 %
–1970-1980: 5,6 %
–1980-1990: 4,8 %
–1990-2000: 4,2 %
5
6
Growth: 2000-2020 -WTO
Receiving Arrival Arrival
region
2010 2020
(mln) (mln)
Europe
527
717
EAsia/Pac
Americas
Growth rate
2000- 20102010
2020
3.1
3.1
195
397 7.4
6.5
190
282 4.0
3.8
Africa
47
77 5.1
5.5
Mid.East
36
69 6.7
6.7
S.Asia
11
19 5.8
6.2
1006
1561 4.5
4.1
Total
7
THE MAIN DETERMINANTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ECONOMIC FACTORS
COMPARATIVE PRICES
DEMOGRAPHIC
GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIO- CULTURAL ATTITUDES TO TOURISM
MOBILITY
GOVERNMENT/REGULATORY
MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
8
ECONOMIC FACTORS
• DISPOSABLE AND DISCRETIONARY INCOME
• 30 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ACCOUNT FOR OVER 90%
OF WORLD TRAVEL
• INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND: THE MARKET IS
JUDGED TO BE ELASTIC
• INCOME DISTRIBUTION
• EXPECTATIONS
• MARGINAL DISCRETIONARY SPENDING
9
COMPARATIVE PRICES
• PRICE OR PERCEIVED PRICE OF A DESTINATION IS
VERY IMPORTANT
• EXCHANGE RATE ( SEE RATES $ TO £ OR €)
• COMPARATIVE LEVEL OF INFLATION IN THE
DESTINATION AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
• PRICE OF OIL
10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DEMAND TRENDS
GLOBALISATION
FRAGMENTATION
GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ECO-TOURISM
CHANGED VALUES
CHANGING LIFESTYLES (E.G. BOURGEOIS BOHEMIAN)
MORE INDEPENDENT TOURISTS AS OPPOSED TO MASS
TOURISM
NEW TYPES OF HOLIDAYS AND SPECIAL INTEREST
QUALITY-CONSCIOUSNESS (VALUE FOR MONEY)
MORE EXPERIENCED AND EDUCATED HOLIDAYMAKERS
MORE FLEXIBLE TOURISTS
FROM PRODUCTS TO EXPERIENCE
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH
11
THE IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
OF GLOBALISATION
• GENERIC TERM
• THREE BASIC ELEMENTS :
– GEOGRAPHICAL
– CONVERGENCE IN WORLD TASTE
– INTERNATIONALLY SIMILAR PRACTICES
12
Int. Tourist Arrivals- Long Haul(%)
• RECEIVING REGION
Receiving region
World
Africa
Americas
E-Asia/Pacific
Europe
Middle East
South Asia
1995
2020
18
43
23
21
12
58
75
24
35
38
19
15
63
85
WTO
13
Part du tourisme de longue distance
dans le nombre total des arrivées du
tourisme international, 1995-2020
85%
1995
75%
2020
63%
58%
43%
38%
35%
24%
23%
18%
21% 19%
12%
Monde
Asie Merid.
MoyenOrient
Afrique
Amériques
AOP
15%
Europe
14
15
Ranking country
destinations
World share in %
1950
1970
1990
2000
2008
Top 5
destinations
71
43
39
36
31
Rank 6-10
17
22
19
15
14
Rank 11-15
9
10
10
10
10
Other
destinations
3
25
32
38
45
Total Million
arrivals
3
166
466
686
922
16
THE MORE DEMANDING CONSUMER
• MORE AFFLUENT
• BETTER EDUCATED
• MORE HEALTHY AND MORE INTERESTED IN ACTIVE
PURSUITS
• OLDER
• MORE TRAVELLED
• MORE EXPOSED TO THE MEDIA AND INFORMATION
• MORE COMPUTER LITERATE
• MORE HETEROGENEOUS AND INDIVIDUALISTIC
• MORE CULTURALLY DIVERSE IN TERMS OF ETHNIC
ORIGIN
17
STAGGERING OF HOLIDAYS
• WHY?
– CONSUMER INTEREST
– SOCIAL ASPECT
– PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
– EMPLOYMENT
– INEFFICIENT USE OF TOURISM ASSETS
– ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
• WHY CONCENTRATION?
– CLIMATE
– SCHOOL-HOLIDAYS ( MOST IMPORTANT
FACTOR)
– ORGANIZATION ANNUAL LEAVES IN BUSINESS
– PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
18
19
20
HOW TO SOLVE CONCENTRATION?
• GERMAN ROLLING SYSTEM
• COMPLEMENTARY MEASURES
– PROMOTION OFF SEASON
– PRICE POLICY
– ACCOMPANIED MEASURES IN THE TOURIST
CENTRES
• FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
– EUROPEAN SOLUTION?
– STAGGERING AND PRICE
21
SUPPLY TRENDS
MORE PURPOSE BUILT ATTRACTIONS
• TYPE:
– PRIMARY NATURAL ATTRACTIONS
– PRIMARY MAN-MADE ATTRACTIONS
– PURPOSE- BUILT ATTRACTIONS
• SCOPE:
– LONG STAY OVER
– TOURING CIRCUIT
– STOPOVER
• DEGREE OF PERMANENCY
– SITE ATTRACTIONS
– EVENT ATTRACTIONS
23
SUPPLY COMPONENTS -UNWTO
•
•
•
•
•
•
ATTRACTIONS
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AMENITIES
ACCESSSIBILITY
HUMAN RESOURCES
IMAGE AND CHARACTER
PRICE
24
SUPPLY TRENDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MORE DESTINATIONS
NEW TYPES OF ATTRACTIONS
CONCENTRATION
MARKET STRUCTURES – OLIGOPOLY
MOVEMENTS IN THE HOTEL SECTOR
THEME PARKS
TIMESHARING
INDOOR RESORTS
ALL INCLUSIVE RESORTS
BRANDING
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AFFECTING T.
25
Typology of markets
Number of buyers
number suppliers
one
one
a few
bilateral
monopoly
a few
many
monopoly
oligopoly
many monopsony oligopsony competition
26
MARKET STRUCTURES AND PRICING
27
TOURISM SUPPLY AND MARKET
STRUCTURE
• PERFECT COMPETITION
• MONOPOLY
• MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
• OLIGOPOLY
28
OLIGOPOLY
• SMALL NUMBER OF PRODUCERS DOMINATE THE INDUSTRY
( e.g. INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY).
• EACH FIRM HAS SOME CONTROL OVER ITS PRICE AND
OUTPUT DECISIONS AND THERE ARE SOME BARRIERS TO
ENTRY AND EXIT.
• THE KEY CHARACTERISTIC IS THE INTERDEPENDENCE
BETWEEN PRODUCERS SO THAT EACH FIRM’S PRICE AND
OUTPUT DECISIONS DEPEND, IN PART, ON THOSE OF ITS
COMPETITORS.
• THE PREVAILING MARKET PRICE IS THE PROFITMAXIMIZING PRICE FOR THE FIRM
29
30
MARKET STRUCTURES AND ACCOMODATION
• GREAT DIVERSITY
– LARGE CHAIN HOTELS BUT HOLIDIDAY TOURISM IS MOSTLY
FRAGMENTED
– WIDE RANGE IN QUALITY (CAMPING, TIMESHARE)
• FIXED CAPACITY:
– HIGH FIXED COSTS DRIVE OPERATORS TO ATTAIN HIGH
OCCUPANCY RATES THROUGH SUCH DEVICES AS
DIFFERENTIATION AND SEGMENTATION. THESE
CHARACTERISTICS TEND TO INVOLVE ELEMENTS BOTH
MONOPOLY AND OLIGOPOLY (e.g; LUXURY)
31
MARKET STRUCTURES AND TO
• IN USA AND IN EUROPE THERE ARE SOME LARGE
PLAYERS; THEY CONTROL A LARGE SHARE OF THE
MARKET
• LOW ENTRY COST
• FIERCE COMPETITION, LOW MARGINS
• ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE
• THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION OF MARKET
SHARE IN THE PACKAGE HOLIDAY SEGMENT
SUGGESTS AN OLIGOPOLISTIC STUCTURE (REALITY
IS MORE COMPLEX; NICHE PLAYERS)
32
MARKET STRUCTURES AND TA
• RELATIVE HIGH CONCENTRATION - FIRM WITH
MULTIPLE OUTLETS ( IN UK 5 CONTROL A THIRD)
SOME ARE INTEGRATED WITH TOS OR CARRIERS
• LOW ENTRY COSTS
• ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE
• LOCATION IS IMPORTANT
• OLIGOPOLISTIC AND COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS
33
MARKET STRUCTURES AND AIRLINES
• AIRLINES ARE HIGH FIXED COST ENTERPRISES WITH FIXED
CAPACITIES - HIGH PAYLOADS
• SHORT-HAUL FLIGHTS ARE RELATIVELY MORE EXPENSIVE
THAN LONG-HAUL CARRIAGE ( FEWER HOURS IN THE AIR)
• TO MAXIMIZE THE PAYLOAD THE AIRLINES APPLY ‘YIELD
MANAGEMENT’ (IS AKIN TO PERFECTLY DISCRIMINATING
MONOPOLY PRICING)
• MORE CONCENTRATION IS LIKELY- HIGHER PRICES
• OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET; SOMETIMES MONOPOLY
POWERS
34
CONCENTRATION MOVEMENT
• AIR CARRIERS
– AIR FRANCE - KLM
– BRITISH AIRWAYS - IBERIA
– UNITED – CONTINENTAL
• AIRLINE ALLIANCES
– STAR ALLIANCE
– SKY TEAM
– ONEWORLD
• TOUR-OPERATING
• HOTEL SECTOR
35
TYPES OF ALLIANCES
• COMPLEMENTARY ALLIANCES
• PARALLEL ALLIANCES
36
ALLIANCES AND IMPROVING THE
EFFICIENCY AND SERVICES OF AIRLINES
•
•
•
•
•
JOINT PROCUREMENT
JOINT OPERATIONS
JOINT BACK OFFICE
CO-MARKETING
CO-SERVICES
37
ALLIANCES AND COST-REDUCTION
OPPORTUNITIES
•
•
•
•
FINANCE AND UTILIZATION
AIRLINE OPERATION
EXTERNAL ( e.g. AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS)
RISK-SHARING
38
ALLIANCES AND CONSUMERS
• ‘SEAMLESS’ TRAVEL (SERVING A LARGE
NUMBER OF CITIES)
• ITINERARY AND ROUTING CHOICES
• FREQUENCY AND CONVENIENCE OF
CONNECTING
• CONSUMERS CAN BENEFIT FROM LOWER
FARES
39
MOVEMENTS IN THE HOTEL SECTOR
• GROWING CONCENTRATION
• FRANCHISING/INCREASING CHAIN PENETATION: TOP
TEN BRAND COMPANIES
YEAR
HOTELS
ROOMS (1000)
1970
1996
2003
2008
4.987
20.048
29.638
33.811
503
2.403
3.522
4.127
40
TOP SEVEN HOTEL GROUPS- 2008 (x
1000 ROOMS)
Intercontinental HG IHG
UK
620
Wynham Worldwide- (Cendant)
USA
593
Mariott Int.
USA
561
Hilton Hotels Corp
USA
546
Accor
Fr
479
Choice Hotels International
USA
473
Best Western International
USA
305
41
FRANCHISING
•
•
•
•
DEFINITION
ADVANTAGES FRANCHISEE
ADVANTAGES FOR THE FRANCHISER
TYPICAL FRANCHISERS
42
FRANCHISING
• DEFINITION: “FRANCHISING CAN BE DEFINED AS A CONTRACTUAL
BOND OF INTEREST IN WHICH THE FRANCHISOR, WHICH HAS
DEVELOPED A PATTERN OR FORMULA FOR THE MANUFACTURE
AND/OR SALE OF GOODS/SERVICES, EXTENDS TO OTHERS ( THE
FRANCHISEE) THE RIGHT TO CARRY ON THE BUSINESS, SUBJECT TO A
NUMBER OF RESTRICTIONS, CONTROLS AND CONSIDERATION “ ( T
HUDSON)
• “ FRANCHISING CAN BE DESCRIBED AS THE SELLING BY THE
FRANCHISOR OF THE RIGHT TO MARKET A PROVEN PRODUCT…;
FRANCHISING MUST BE LOOKED AT AS A TWO-WAY STREET: THE
FRANCHISOR PROVIDES CERTAIN SERVICES AND CONVEYS CERTAIN
RIGHTS TO THE FRANCHISEE, AND THE FRANCHISEE IN TURN HAS
CERTAIN OBLIGATIONS TO THE FRANCHISOR”( GRAY & LIGOURI)
43
FRANCHISING - CHARACTERISTICS
• DEFINITION: IT IS A LICENSE FOR A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF
TIME TO TRADE IN A DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC AREA UNDER
THE FRANCHISER’S NAME AND TO USE AN ASSOCIATED
TRADE MARK OR LOGO
• FORMULA HAS ALREADY BEEN TRIED AND TESTED
• THE FRANCHISER PROVIDES THE ENTIRE BUSINESS
CONCEPT - MANUAL
• THE FRANCHISER EDUCATES THE FRANCHISEE
• THE FRANCHISER PROVIDES BACK UP SERVICES - E.G.
ADVERTISING
• THE FRANCHISEE IS EXPECTED TO MAKE AN INITIAL
INVESTMENT AND TO PAY A ROYALTY TO THE FRANCHISER
44
FRANCHISING - CONT’D
• REMUNERATION
– DIFFERENT FORMS: BASIC FEE, FIXED AMOUNT PER
OCCUPIED ROOM, % ON ROOM SALES, OPTIONS…..
• FINANCIAL ADVANTAGES
– LESS RISK
– EASIER ACCESS TO LOANS
• PROTECTION FRANCHISEE
– WORKING IN A DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC AREA
45
FRANCHISE SERVICES
• METHOD OR OPERATIONL PROCEDURE
– MANUAL
– TRAINING OF STAFF
• TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
– RESEARCH POTENTIAL LOCATIONS
– ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES, INTERIOR DESIGN
– FINANCING
– FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT
• MARKETING
– NAME
– RESERVATION SYSTEM
– PROMOTION ( E.G. JOINT ADVERTISING)
46
OBLIGATIONS FRANCHISEE
• “ TO MEET THE STANDARDS OF THE CHAIN”
– SIZE OF THE ROOMS; FURNITURE, PARKING,
SWIMMING POOL, SIZE OF THE BEDS ETC.
• OPERATIONAL-QUALITY STANDARDS
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
RATES CHARGED
CHECK-OUT TIMES
CLEANLINESS
POLITENESS OF STAFF
QUALITY OF SERVICE
CHANGING OF LINEN
USE OF IDENTITY ITEMS
47
MOVEMENTS IN THE HOTEL SECTOR (2)
• MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS
• HOTEL COMMERCIALISATION
• BUDGET HOTELS
• PS: MICE TOURISM AND HOTELS
– SUCCESS CAPITAL CITIES DEPEND ON MANY
FACTORS
48
BRANDING
•
•
•
•
•
•
POSITIONING AND BRANDING
MANY BENEFITS
SINGLE-BRAND PHILOSOPHY
RANGE OF BRANDS
THE TEN BIGGEST HOTEL BRANDS
DESTINATION BRANDING – CORPORATE
IDENTITY
49
BIGGEST HOTEL BRANDS 2008
BRAND
BEST WESTERN
HOLIDAY INN HOTELS & RESORTS
MARRIOTT HOTELS & RESORTS
HILTON
HOLIDAY INN EXPRESS
HAMPTON INN
COMFORT INN
DAYS INN
SHERATON HOTELS & RESORTS
SUPER 8
1000 ROOMS
305
250
193
186
174
160
153
153
143
131 50
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AFFECTING
TOURISM
• TRANSPORTATION
– AIR TRANSPORTATION
– RAILWAY
– CRUISES
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
– COMPUTER RESERVATION SYSTEMS
– THE INTERNET
• THE ONLINE TRAVEL AGENCIES
• DYNAMIC PACKAGING
• E-MARKETING
51
NEW TYPES OF ACCOMODATION AND
ATTRACTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
TIMESHARING
CRUISES
ALL INCLUSIVE RESORTS
INDOOR RESORTS
MODERN SPAS
THEME PARKS
52
TIMESHARING
• DEFINITION: “TIMESHARE, SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS INTERVAL
OWNERSHIP, IS A FORM OF MULTI-OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY OF
WHICH EXAMPLES CAN BE FOUND IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR, AS
WELL AS IN THE LEISURE SECTOR. IT IS THE PERIODIC RIGHT OF USE
OR OCCUPATION WHERE PROPERTY IS DIVIDED ON A TEMPORAL
RATHER THAN PHYSICAL BASIS. IT CONFERS ON A NUMBER OF
PURCHASERS THE RIGHT TO THE EXCLUSIVE AND FULL USE OF
PROPERTY AND FACILITIES FOR PREDETERMINED PERIODS OF YEAR.
IN PRINCIPLE THIS RIGHT IS RECOGNISED AS TRANSFERABLE” (
GOODALL & STABLER)
• FORMS:
– REAL PROPERTY RIGHT
– A CONTRACTUAL RIGHT ( E.G. CORPORATE SHARE, HOLIDAY
CREDITS OR POINTS)
• GROWING MARKET - MAJOR HOSPITALITY COMPANIES ENTERED THE
TIMESHARE INDUSTRY
53
TIMESHARING - ADVANTAGES
• FOR THE DESTINATION
– ABOVE AVERAGE PER HEAD EXPENDITURE
(JOACHIMSTHALER)
– QUALITY ACCOMODATION
– STABLE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT
– HIGHER OCCUPANCY
– LESS SEASONAL
• FOR THE DEVELOPER ( RETURN ON INVESTMENT)
– EARLY CAPITAL PAYBACK
– NEW MARKET AWAY FROM THE PACKAGE HOLIDAY
NORM (LOW RETURN IN HOLIDAY HOTELS, DUE TO
PACKAGES - PRESSURE T0S)
54
TIMESHARING - ADVANTAGES
• FOR THE CONSUMER
– ADVANTAGES
• GOOD ACCOMODATION,
• LIKED RECREATIONAL FACILITIES..
– DISADVANTAGES
• LINKED TO A DESTINATION (BUT EXCHANGE
OPPORTUNITIES)
• HIGH OPERATIONAL COSTS (MAINTENANCE
FEE)
55
TIMESHARING -CONT’D
• EUROPEAN TIMESHARE REGULATION
– HARD SELLING PRACTICES
– EU DIRECTIVE ( COOLING-OFF PERIOD)
• SOME POWERFUL BRANDS ARE NOW ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN
TIMESHARE DEVELOPMENT - IMPACT ON THE CREDIBILITY
(MARRIOTT , WALT DISNEY COMPANY, HILTON RESORTS..)
• THE EXCHANGE COMPANIES
– ACT AS A TOUR OPERATOR FOR TIMESHARE OWNERS
• RCI ( RESORT CONDOMINIUMS INTERNATIONAL)
• II ( INTERVAL INTERNATIONAL)
– HAVE PROVIDED A MUCH-NEEDED RESERVOIR OF ADVICE AND
INFORMATION FOR WOULD-BE TIMESHARE RESORT DEVELOPERS
56
THEME PARKS
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CUTURAL/HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
AND LEISURE AND THEME PARKS
• THEME PARK: CHARACTERISTICS (G RICHARDS & B
RICHARDS)
–
–
–
–
PRIMARILY AN OUTDOOR ATTRACTION
A VISITOR DESTINATION IN ITS OWN RIGHT
BASED ON RIDES; A SINGLE MANAGEMENT UNIT
AN ADMISSION CHARGE OR ALL INCLUSIVE CHARGE (PAY-ONEPRICE - POP)
– CONSTRUCTED AROUND THE NEEDS OF VISITORS,
– FOCUSSED ON ENTERTAINMENT RATHER THAN EDUCATION
(EURO DISNEY)
• POTENTIAL VISITOR CATCHMENTS
• REVENUES
• POTENTIAL MARKET IN EUROPE (REF. TO USA)
57
58
CRUISES
• TOTAL CAPACITY 2010
– 417.000 PASSENGERS
– 254 SHIPS
• BIG CONCENTRATION
– CARNIVAL GROUP REPRESENTS NEARLY 50%
• VERY HIGH GROWRH RATE
• LARGER SHIPS
59
ALL-INCLUSIVE RESORTS
• DEFINITION: “ THE ALL-INCLUSIVE CONCEPT REFERS TO HOLIDAYS
WHICH INCLUDE VIRTUALLY EVERYTHING IN THE PREPAID PRICE FROM AIRPORT TRANSFERS, BAGGAGE HANDLING, GOVERMENT
TAXES, ROOMS, ALL MEALS, SNACKS, DRINKS AND CIGARETTES TO
USE ALL FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT AND CERTIFIED INSTRUCTORS. EVEN
GRATUITIES AND NIGHTLY ENTERTAINMENT ARE INCLUDED”( POON)
• MAJOR ALL-INCLUSIVE CHAINS:
– CLUB MED -ALLEGRO RESORTS - ROBINSON CLUBS - CLUB VALTUR
- SUPERCLUBS - CLUB ALDIANA -etc
• DIFFERENT MARKET SEGMENTS ( SEE SANDALS)
• PERFORMANCE: RELATIVE GOOD; SUCCESS BASED ON:
– THEIR APPEAL TO TRAVEL AGENTS
– PSYCHOGRAPHIC MARKET SEGMENTATION/- AGGRESSIVE
MARKETING
– PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL/- GUEST SATISFACTION
60
HEALTH TOURISM
• TRADITIONAL HEALTH SPAS AND MODERN “HEALTH AND
FITNESS “
• DIFFERENT TYPES:
–
–
–
–
–
–
CLUB SPA
CRUISE SHIP SPA
DESTINATION SPA
MEDICAL SPA
MINERAL SPRINGS SPA
RESORT/HOTEL SPA
• POPULAR IN: GERMANY, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, FRANCE,
FINLAND…..
61
INDOOR RESORTS
• CONCEPT: A RESORT IS A PLACE FREQUENTED FOR A
SPECIFIC PURPOSE, A DESTINATION IN ITS OWN RIGHT. BY
IMPLICATION, AN INDOOR RESORT IS CREATED TO
COMPETE WITH THOSE TOURIST CENTRE WHICH HAVE
THE ADVANTAGE OF A WARM AND PLEASANT CLIMATE IN
A COVERED ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT SEVERAL INDOOR
CENTRES IN THE UK
• CENTER PARCS: RESIDENTIAL RECREATION 365 DAYS PER
ANNUM IN A NORTH EUROPEAN CLIMATE.
• FEATURES:
– 300-400 ACRES OF WOODLAND AND WATER
– HIGH QUALITY BUNGALOWS
– CENTRAL COMPLEX OF SHOPPING, DINING AND RECREATION
62
INTEGRATED LEISURE
COMPLEXES
• COMBINATION OF:
– RETAIL
– LEISURE
– ENTERTAINMENT
– CATERING
– ACCOMMODATION
• EXAMPLES:
– EDMONTON MALL
– TRAFFORD PARK
• FANTASY CITIES
63
DEMAND AND SUPPLY TRENDS
IN TOURISM
PROF. Dr. N VANHOVE