The Principles of Modernisation
and Development Studies
(History and Contemporary Aspects)
Lecture Course
by Victor Krasilshchikov, Dr. of
Sc., Prof.
Office hours:
E-mail:
victor.krassilchtchikov@univie.ac.at
victor_ias2004@yahoo.co.in
Lectures 1-2.
• Modernisations in Human History. The
Historical Echelons of Modernisation and
the Capitalist Development
What is modernisation?
• “…modernization is
like the elephant,
difficult to define but
easy to recognize
when one sees the
beast.”
• (Goh Keng Swee. The
Economics of Modernization.
Singapore: Federal
Publications, 1995 (1-st. ed. –
1972), p. 1).
Great formations of society
• - Primary
• - Secondary
(economic
formation of
society)
• - Tertiary (posteconomic
formation)
• - Based upon
gathering and
hunting
• - Based upon labour
• - Based upon
intellectual, creative
activity
Gap between East and West
Population, mln. people, 1500 - 2001
7000,00
6000,00
5000,00
4000,00
3000,00
2000,00
1000,00
0,00
1500
1700
1820
Western Europe
1913
China
1950
India
2001
World
Gap between East and West
GDP per capita, US$ 1990, 1500 - 1820 - 1913
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Western Europe
China
India
World (average)
1
2
3
771
600
550
566
1204
600
533
667
3458
552
673
1525
Western Europe
China
India
World (average)
Gap between East and West
GDP per capita, US$ of 1990, 1913 - 1950- 2001
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1
2
3
Western Europe
3458
4579
19256
China
552
439
3583
India
673
619
1957
World (average)
1525
2111
6049
Western Europe
China
India
World (average)
Routes to/through Modernity
(according to Göran Therborn)
• - “The West European route”
• - Transcontinental migration and
genocide of the local population (both
Americas, Australia, New Zealand)
• - Influence of the West on non-western
societies through demonstration effect
• - Through colonisation
Jean-Antoine de Condorcet
• «La marche de ces peuples
(les peuples de l’Asie et de
l’Afrique – V.K.) serait plus
prompte et plus sûre que la
notre, parce qu’ils
recevraient de nous ce que
nous avons été obligés de
découvrir, et que, pour
connaître ces vérités
simples, ces méthodes
certaines auxquelles nous
ne sommes parvenues
qu’après de longues
erreurs, il leur suffirait d’en
avoir pu saisir les
développements et les
preuves dans nos discours
et dans nos livres.»
• The march of these
peoples (peoples of Asia
and Africa – V.K.) would
be prompter and surer
than ours because they
would receive from us
what we were obliged to
discover and what, for
knowing simple truths,
we had to conceive by
methods of errors and
probes. They could learn
all that from our
discourse and our books.
Resistance to Modernisation (Rudyard
Kipling. “The White Man’s Burden”)
• Take up the White Man’s
burden –
• The savage wars of peace–
• Fill full the mouth of
Famine
• And bid the sickness
cease;
• And when your goal is
nearest
• The end for others sought,
• Watch Sloth and heathen
Folly
• Bring all hope to nought.
• Take up the White Man’s
burden –
• No tawdry rule of kings,
• But toil of serf and
sweeper –
• The tale of common
things.
• The ports ye shall not
enter,
• The roads ye shall not
tread, Go make them with
your living,
• And mark them with your
dead.
The social-technological types
(stages) of modernisation
•
•
•
•
- pre-industrial (XV c. – the 1770-80s)
- early-industrial (1770s-80s – 1900s)
- late-industrial (1913 – 1973)
- post-industrial (the end of the 1960s
and onwards)
Stages of modernisation and big cycles
Types of
modernisation
Earlyindustrial
Lateindustrial
Postindustrial
Big cycles and their
phases
Dominating industries
1 – A: 1780s – 1814
– B: 1815-1847
Light industry, consumer goods
2 – A: 1848 – 1872
– B: 1873 – 1895
Heavy industry, coal, steel, machinery building
3 – A: 1896 – 1919
Electro-technique, an emergence of conveyor
3 – B: 1920 – 1945
The rise of automotive and aircraft industry, petroleum
4 – A: 1945 – 1968
(or 1973)
– B: 1969 (or
1974) – 1991 (or
1995)
Production of durable, technically complicate goods for
mass consumption, the first steps of computing technique,
informatics
5 – A: 1976 (?) – ?
– B: ???
Informatics, communications, the boom of life sciences
6 – A: 2012 (2015) –
?
Life sciences, biotechnologies, medicine